Most Read in the Category of Evolution

Although there are various narrations about when and how Hazrat Hawwa (Eve) was created, we do not have clear and certain information about it. However, we find out from the following verses in the Quran that she was created from Hazrat Adam (pbuh) (or from the same matter as Adam): "It is He who created you from a single person, and made his mate of like nature, in order that he might dwell with her (in love)" (al-A'raf, 7/189), "O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord Who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, his mate and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women" (an-Nisa, 4/1).

What is clearly understood from the verses is that Hazrat Hawwa and Hazrat Adam were created from the same matter (soul) and that Hazrat Adam (pbuh) was created before Hazrat Hawwa. Some scholars put forward the view that Hawwa was created from Adam, an organ of Adam based on the following expression in the verse "... and made his mate of like nature ".
If it is paid attention, it will be understood that with the expression; “It is He who created you from a single person”, the Quran states that all of the people were created from one soul and Hazrat Hawwa was created from “it”, that is from that soul. What is meant by the phrase “from it” in the verse maybe Hazrat Adam (pbuh) or the original matter that Adam (pbuh) was created from. Doubtlessly, Allah knows the best. 

Although it is definite that Hawwa was created from a single person (soul), we cannot find any extra information in the Quran about how that creation occurred. The narration that Ibn Kathir mentions in his tafsir (interpretation) is as follows:
When Iblis (the devil) was expelled from Paradise (because of his well-known crime), Adam (pbuh) was sent to Paradise. He wandered there for some time alone, without having someone that he might take rest in. He fell asleep; when he woke up, he saw a woman that Allah created from his rib. He asked her: "What are you? The woman answered: "a woman". Then he asked the woman why she was created. The woman answered, "so that you might take rest in me". Meanwhile the angels saw them and asked Adam who she was in order to test his knowledge. Adam (pbuh) said she was Hawwa. When the angels asked him why he gave her that name, she said, "because she was created from something living. (Ibn Kathir, "Tafsiru'l-Qur'ani'l-Azim", I, 112).

According to the narration of Bukhari, the Prophet (pbuh) said; “Treat women nicely, because woman was created from a rib. ", (in another narration, "is like a rib”, and the most curved portion of the rib is its upper portion, so, if you try to straighten it, it will break, but if you leave it as it is, it will remain crooked. So treat women nicely” (Bukhari, Anbiya, 1). In the narration of Muslim, the following phrase is present ".... if you try to straighten it, it will break, its break is divorce."

As it is understood from the following verses, “Allah did choose Adam above all people " (Aal-e Imran, 3/33) “Allah created Adam from dust, then said to him: "Be" and he was. " (Âli imran, 3/59) Adam was created from dust by being chosen. That meaning was reported as "Hawwa was created from a rib of Adam", which means a splitting. That meaning is the foundation of the husband-wife relationship. In a sound hadith, the following is stated, "A woman is like a rib. The woman was created from a rib, a curved rib, if you try to straighten it, it will break; its break is divorce."( Bukhari, Nikah 79; Muslim, Rada 65; Tirmidhi, Talaq 12; Darimi, Nikah 45; Ahmad b. Hanbal, II, 428, 449, 530, V, 164.) .

Here, the curved rib indicates splitting, but it is also a simile showing the mismatch of nature between man and woman and a warning that trying to make a woman like a man will break her. In addition, in other hadiths, it is stated that the separation into parts took place at the beginning of the creation in Paradise.

The word dinosaur, which we are familiar with, means terrible lizard. The dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that lived in terrestrial eco-system for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 235 million years ago, and extinct 65 million years ago all of a sudden with a catastrophic event.

These reptiles coming to the order, which intrigue public eye, has been laid groundwork for both domestic and foreign periodicals to publish about evolution theory since time immemorial. TUBITAKs (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) periodical Bilim ve Teknik, for instance, was publishing Darwins evolution ideas at the end of the article about Dinosaurs, which they had made cover in their October 1993 release. August 1983 cover of the same periodical was entitled The Extinction of Dinosaurs, and evolution scenarios came up in the articles. National Geographic Magazine (August 1978) featured how Dinosaurs evolved and turned into birds. However, this theory was confuted with the finding of a 225 million years old bird (Protoavis) fossil. It was then understood that birds were clapping their wings freely along with dinosaurs, when they first appeared in the history.

Dinosaurs first appearance in the history, their lives, and extinction event introduce scientific evidences against evolution rather than being reminiscent of it. Why did they become extinct from the scene of the history? Trying to find evidences for evolution theory from the answers to the question do not carry much conviction, because what is tried to be answered with the theory of evolution is not how species came up but how they extinct. It is quite interesting not to find any convincing evidence about the origins of the dinosaurs in the books related.

It should be also kept in mind that catastrophic extinction event of the dinosaurs rules out the possibility of gradual Darwinist evolution. If it was evidenced that dinosaurs evolved and turned into another species and extinct gradually, then it would have been considered good material for the evolutionist.

Prof. Dr. Âdem Tatlı

Different date ranges are put forth regarding the time that has passed since Adam, the first man, until now. Even though the date range that religious sources indicate includes a short time span as 6-7 thousand years as regards to this issue, the numbers that science and philosophy bring forth are stated as millions. Such a great difference arises due to the methods applied to determine the age of fossils. There are two sorts of methods used in such type of age determination. One of them is paleontological and the other is radioactive age determination method.

In the paleontological age determination method, the age of a rock is determined according to the type of fossils it includes. In geological eras, there are fossils which existed for short spans of time and vanished. They are called “Characteristic or key fossils” or “ Layer-determining fossils”. Judging by characteristic fossils which lived in different ages and eras, “geological columns” which display the age of each era and layer-determining fossils it includes have been formed. With the help of a characteristic fossil which might be found in an area, the age of that area is determined by looking up this geological column. However, how can it be determined which index fossil shows which age? The answer is “evolution”. That is, since it is claimed that evolution exists in the same direction on the earth, phases of evolution of an organism that lived in a certain era must provide an infallible criterion in order to define sediments stored in this era. This is the basic principle of the evolution theory.

The criterion that is necessary to move fossils to the very special place in this chronology is the claim that “life evolves from the simple to the complex”. Evolution of living organisms, though, is based upon fossil records. Evidence for the existence of evolution is fossils. Fossils are ranged in chronological order according to the evolution theory. Thus, this matter has become a strong reasoning system as a vicious circle.

Another method is age determination by means of radioactive elements. In this method, uranium, thorium and radio-carbon 14 methods are used. 

Uranium Method

This method depends on the principle of generation of lead and helium from uranium and its fellow element, thorium in their long chains of decay. Their decay time is calculated according to their half life. Half life of U^238, a radioactive element, is 4,5 billion of years and half life of U²³⁵ is 0,7 billion of years and half life of Thorium ( Th²³²) is 14,1 billion of years. By giving off definite proportions of Helium atom, they generate lead isotopes as shown in the diagram.

In this half life,U²³⁵ decays by giving of Pb²⁰⁷ ( Lead 207) isotope and 7 He⁴. Based on lead 207 isotope which accumulated in the layer as a result of decay, the amount of uranium 235 produced through its decay and the length of time of its generation are calculated judging by the half life of U²³⁵. 

Criticism of Uranium Method

There are some objectionable parts in the methods of age determination depending on radioactive decay of uranium. They might be summarized as follows:

1. Uranium minerals are always found in open systems.

Since the layer consisting uranium is not in a closed system, it is exposed to external effects. For instance, uranium can easily resolve in ground water. Radon gas, an intermediate element, may easily pass inside or outside the uranium system. Henry Fauld, an expert on radioactive age determination, points out to the following regarding the issue:

“In geological time, both uranium and lead translocated in shale. Detailed analysis showed appropriate ages have not been determined with these elements. Similar drawbacks are encountered in attempts of age determination of mineral ores which consist uranium and radium. It is known that different ages are found on samples taken from the same points and plenty of chemical activities took place.” ²

2. The disintegration rate of uranium might be changeable.

Since radioactive decays are controlled by atomic structure, they are not easily affected by other events. Nevertheless, factors which are able to affect atomic structures might also influence radioactive disintegration rate. The most outstanding example to this is cosmic radiation and neutrinos. Another example is free neutrinos which come out of reactors or which are generated out of various reasons. If anything which might increase the amount of these particles on the earth is to come into existence, it is sure to accelerate radioactive disintegration rates.

3. Daughter elements might have been present therein where the layer began to form. It is possible that radiogenic daughter elements which are generated by the disintegration of uranium and thorium might have been already present when these minerals began to form. It has been found today that rocks which were produced by lava flowing through the internal layers of the earth consist of both radiogenic and combined lead.

4. All of the daughter elements might not be peculiar to that layer.  All of the daughter elements which  were produced by radioactive disintegration may not remain in the same layer; other daughter elements which were produced in a different layer might have moved there. 

Radiocarbon (C¹⁴) Method

Radiocarbon is the name given to the unstable isotope  Carbon fourteen (C¹⁴). Carbon twelve (C¹²) is called “natural carbon” and it is not radioactive.  Radiocarbon is produced from the reactions among nitrogen-fourteen (N¹⁴) in the atmosphere, due to cosmic radiation in superior layer of atmosphere. Carbon-12 consists of six protons, six neutrons and six orbital electrons. Carbon-14, though, includes eight neutrons in the nucleus. These two extra neutrons make the atom unstable. One of these neutrons gives off a beta particle, producing a new nucleus which consists of seven protons and seven neutrons is produced. This new structure is the Nitrogen-14. Thus, the unstable Carbon-14 turns into the stable Nitrogen-14. Its half life is 5730 years.

Carbon-14 which is generated in the atmosphere is immediately oxidized as CO₂ and spreads to the air, water and to living organisms. Normally the ratio of radioactive carbon dioxide and non-radioactive carbon dioxide ( C¹⁴/C¹²)  in the air is fixed and it is accepted that 100 years should pass so that this fixed rate can be reached.

The ratio of C¹⁴/C¹²  in living organisms should be fixed as well. The equality of this ratio does not change as long as the organism is alive. However, when the organism dies, the ratio of C¹⁴ to ^C12 decreases gradually since the organism cannot take CO₂ in from the air any longer. When this decreasing ratio strikes ½, the length of time from the death of that organism must be 5730 years because the half life of C¹⁴ is 5730 years. In five half lives, in other words, in around 29 thousand years, only 1/32 of the original amount of radiocarbon is to be emitted. Radiocarbon method can only be used to determine the ages around 80 thousand years at most. For older materials, uranium method is applied. 

Criticism of Radiocarbon method

Radiocarbon method is based on some assumptions. Here are the  opposed points:

1.  A number of living systems do not have the standard ratio of  C¹⁴/C^12.. Carbon-14 method is based on the theory which claims that when all living organisms die, they include a standard ratio of C¹⁴/C¹² . Nevertheless, many samples did not display this ratio. For example, with this method, age of living mollusks was determined to be 2300 years old. Such ratio shows that the environment the organism is in includes higher amount of C¹⁴ than expected and therefore, there is an exchange of carbon between the organism and the environment.

2. Radiocarbon might not decrease at a stable rate in each organism.

Radiocarbon disintegration is influenced by environmental radioactivity, especially free neutrons and cosmic radiation and their disintegration rates change as a result.

3. The rate of natural carbon might have been different in the past.

In the past, the vegetation was either more or less than it is now. The ratio of C¹⁴/C¹², therefore, is to be higher or lower. For this reason, the radiocarbon age of the materials of these periods is to be measured older or younger than the true age. This matter is the same for the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. If volcanoes had emitted carbon dioxide in the past, in this case, the amount of carbon dioxide at that time  should be different than it is now.

4. The rate of radiocarbon might not have reached a stable condition. It is assumed that the ratio of C¹⁴/C¹² reaches a stable condition in a certain length of time. In other words, the amount of C¹⁴ in the atmosphere is equal to the amount of C¹⁴ disintegrated on the earth. For this reason, the incoming and outgoing amount of C¹⁴ needs to be equal. However, there are some things which prove that this is not always in this way. In the same way, it is stated that the measurable amount of radiocarbon generated in a year on the earth is 25 % more than the amount of disintegrated radiocarbon. 

A general assessment on geological and archaeological dating methods 

Both radioactive method and other methods applied in geological and archaeological dating are not at the expected sensitivity since they are based on several assumptions and predictions. For this reason, some doubts arise on the correctness of ages determined. However, as there are similar errors in age-determination of every material, findings are important in terms of being approximate ages rather than exact ages. For example, material A, which is found to be at 150 million years of age, is three times older than the material B, which is found to be 50 million years old. That is to say that, if material B is 5 thousand years old indeed, then, the material A should be at 15 thousand years old.

There are no other alternatives for the methods mentioned above.

This might be said for the past of man:

From religious sources, it is understood that it has been 6 or 7 thousand years since Adam (pbuh). On the other hand, the date which is thought to be the first time man appeared on the earth, depending on fossils is several million years before now. The reason why the fossil ages are so high is because the methods applied include considerable margin of error. 

[1> Morrıs, H. and Parker,G.E. What is Creation Science? Master Book Publishers. California. 1982. Trns. Â.Tatlı, Keha,E., Marangoz, C., Solak, K. and Ha­senekoğlu, İ.  Yaratılış Modeli. Millî E. Bakanlığı Basımevi. Ankara. 1985.

2 Fault, H. Age of Rocs, Planets and Stars. NewYork. McGraw-Hill  Book. Co. Inc. 1966, p.61.

3 Kıeth, M.S. and Anderso, G.M. Radiocarbon Dating: Fictitious Tesults with  Mollusc Shells. Science, August, 16. A. 634, 1963; Libby,W.F.Radiocarbon Dating. Universty of Chicago Press.1955, p.7;Lingelfelter, R. E. Production of C-14 by Cosmic & Ray Neutrons. Reviews of Geographics. 1963, Vol. 1. p.51;37. Suess, H.E. Secular Vanations in the Cosmic Ray Pro­duced Carbon-14 in the Atmosphere and their In­terpretations. Journal of Geophysical Research. 1965, Vol.7. p.594. 

4 For more information; Tatlı, A. Evrim ve Yaratılış. Nesil Yayınları. İstanbul, 2007.

It is claimed by evolutionists that the genetic similarity between man and apes is 98%; thus, they try to establish a connection between apes and man in terms of evolution based on it. That claim has no scientific basis. The claim that the genes of man and apes are 98% similar was made up by evolutionists many years ago and has been used as a slogan since then. The similarity in the amino acid sequences of some 30-40 basic proteins present in man and the chimpanzee is put forward as evidence for that claim.

There are about 100 thousand proteins in man. That 40 of them are similar does not prove that man and apes are 98% similar. Such an approach is not scientific; its aim is to make propaganda. Besides, the DNA similarity of those 40 proteins is also controversial.

Even if the similarity is 98% as it is claimed, an evolutionary connection between them cannot be established because species has particular genetic codes.

Moreover, basic proteins are common vital molecules present in all living things. Therefore, there are many similarities among living things in terms of those structures because all living things consist of the same molecules. Therefore, it is quite normal that the basics of the genetic structures are similar. That the basic structures are similar is not evidence for evolution but for the fact that the Master of all living things is the same and that they are created based on the same plan. As a matter of fact, there is a 75 % similarity between the DNAs of nematode worms and man. (1)

It does not mean that the similarity between man and worms is 75%. Even if the difference of genetic structure between two species of living things is 1%, that difference means those two species have completely different features. Another important issue to be taken into consideration here is the fact that a gene in the bodies of living things affects more than one feature. In other words, one feature is controlled by more than one gene. (2)

Apes are not the only animals that resemble man. Apes resemble man more than other living things in terms of anatomic structure, horses in terms of intelligence, parrots in terms of talking, bees in terms of art, ants in terms of social life, and penguins in terms of compassion they show to their youngs. Besides, what differentiates man from other living things is not the anatomic structure or some features only. The most remarkable features of man is his ability to reason, to think, to have conscience, to judge, his imagination, memory, love, speech, thought and belief.

Evaluation

We cannot understand what the person who proposes that there is a similarity between man and ape in terms of two chromosomes wants to learn from the people who advocates creationism. What does it show us that some chromosomes of different beings are partly similar?

- That living things emerged coincidentally?

- That all living things emerged as a chain coincidentally?

- All living things are a result of unplanned and random actions and disorder?

What the creationists claim is as follows:

- Things exist and they are artful.

- They emerge in a planned way, not coincidenatally.

- Many aims and reasons are present in that emergence.

- They accept the existence of a Creator, who creates all those living things as easily as He creates atoms and who is Almighty. Such a Creator can create whatever and however he wishes. If He wishes and deems it necessary, he will create a horse out of a dog and a dog out of a horse.

However, what the creationists ask coincidentalists and those who accept nature as god is this:

“You claim that living things emerged from one another in chains and that the first living thing emerged from a single cell coincidentally. However, you have no evidence to prove your claim. Besides, does a species or even each individual not come from a single cell today?"

The similarities that are put forward are not enough scientifically at all to make a generalization that millions of species emerged from one another coincidentally. However, if the issue is dealt with ideologically and the duty of godhead is attributed to nature, then, there is not much to say about the issue.

A person who attributes the duty of godhead to nature will probably say this thinking about his own existence:

“The Creator created me out of nothing; He gave me eyes from a cell and placed my ears. He made my heart and kidney from a single cell and gave me the appearance of a nice human being. He caused me to come to the world. He loved me so much that he did not leave me unattended. If he had done so, I would be a baby now. He always renewed my body and fed me so that I would grow up and become an adult. He made me grow up in such a way that all of my inner and outer organs were always in proportion. Otherwise, if one of my arms, feet or eyes had remained in the same size as I was born, it would have been very distressful for me.

"My Creator gave me life, which is not present in elements. He adorned my life with the feelings of mind, imagination, memory, love and compassion. He provided me with all of them."

"What does the Being who created me and likes me so much want from me? How can I thank Him for all those bounties?"

"Will my God fulfill my desires that reach the eternity and my wish to be and to live together with people I love eternally? I would like to know about it." Then, he will go on and say,

“The Creator, who made me like this out of a single cell and who renews and recreates trillions of my cells each moment, definitely creates whatever and however He wants.”

1 Karen Hopkin, "The Greatest Apes", New Scientist, 15 May 1999, p. 27.

2 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Burnett Books Ltd., London, 1985, p. 145.

Language is an instrument, which speaks of the ideas produce of mind and heart and conveys the feelings of the spirit. For instance, just like a house, that does not have a door and windows, mind without eye and tongue is useless. Because, just as eye being the window of a spirit that opens out, ear being the receiver of mind; mouth and tongue are the exit doors of meanings that come out as utterances. According to this, claiming that first humans did not have the ability to speak is accepting that they were in great depression and their minds were given to them as a curse.

We read in the Holy Quran that Hazrath Adam who assumed a title of being the first man by speaking of the objects that were thought him by Allah (swt) Almighty became superior to Angels. 2.31. (Having brought him into existence, God) taught Adam the names, all of them. Then (in order to clarify the supremacy of humankind and the wisdom in their being created and made vicegerent on the earth), He presented them (the things and beings, whose names had been taught to Adam, with their names) to the angels, and said, "Now tell Me the names of these, if you are truthful (in your praising, worshipping, and sanctifying Me as My being God and Lord deserves).2.33. (In order to demonstrate the superiority of humankind more clearly, God) said: "O, Adam inform them of these things and beings with their names." When he (Adam) informed them with their names, He said (to the angels), "Did I not tell you that I know the unseen of the heavens and the earth, and I know all that you reveal and all that you have been concealing?"(Al-Baqarah Surah, 2:31, 33) In addition, it is known that Hazrath Adam who is the first prophet at the same time announced the first ten pages of the divine orders to his children, which he had by the divine revelation.

Humans are the respondents of Allah Almighty (swt); both first one and last one are the recipients of His favors.

On the other hand, the capability of the tongue voices the divine Mights greatness. Just as Quran puts it, And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the diversity of your languages and colors. Surely in this are signs indeed for people who have knowledge (of the facts in creation and who are free of prejudices). (Ar-Rum Surah, 22)

If that is so, humans have never left destitute of speaking, have never been dumb. However, the numbers of the first humans were as few as a small family and the means of their language was in direct proportion with their time and needs.

Finally, claiming that every language in the world today is left us from Hazrath Adams children is quite inadequate. As time passed, some languages derived from one proto-language, dialect varieties became different languages. For instance, there are two hundred million Turkish speakers today. However, living in different countries, surrounded by different cultures and environments made those dialects considered as different languages, such as Kazakh, Turkish, Turkmen, and Uighur. It can be said the same thing for European (Romance) languages such as French, Italian which their ancestral language is Latin.

The alteration that occurs on chromosomes and  the genes on the chromosomes is called “mutation”. Mutations, which might occur in natural circumstances, may also brought forth by means of artificial experiments. Chemicals, X rays and cosmic rays play a role in it. Mutations are divided into two sub-groups as “gene and chromosome mutations”. 

In sexual reproduction of organisms, sperm and ovule play their parts.  Those two cells combine and produce one-celled zygote. It brings forth the multi-celled organism by developing. The number of chromosomes in the sperm and ovular cells halves before they combine. Thus, when two cells whose number of chromosome have halved combine, the number of chromosomes of this new organism remains unchanged and fixed.  Reduction of the number of chromosomes by half in male and female cells before insemination takes place in plants, animals and in human bodies in the same way as a law. 

Mutation is the alteration which occurs in the genetic constitution of an organism. This might occur on chromosomes or on genes. The alteration on chromosomes occurs in the number of chromosomes or in their constitution. The number of chromosomes of each organism is fixed. The alteration of the number of chromosomes might take place as an increase or a decrease.  For example, in a plant which has 40 chromosomes, this number can change in some individuals due to such reasons as inappropriate division of chromosomes during reproduction or their misreplacemet. For instance, it might become 41 or 42, or 39 or 38. Individuals that have such abnormality of numeric change of chromosomes will not have a healthy life. Most of the time their generations do not continue, and generally such changes cause abnormalities and even death of organisms. 

Another change might occur as an increase in the number of chromosomes exact number of times or half. During the reproduction process of a plant having 40 chromosomes, the number of chromosomes needs to halve while generating pollens and ovule because, when pollen which represents male individual and ovule merge, the number of chromosomes needs to remain fixed as 40. During this reduction by half of chromosomes in a cell, this reduction can be obstructed by interference. As this reduction by half can be made in ovule, it also can be achieved in a sperm cell or in both. In this case, this results in production of individuals with 60 or 80 chromosomes instead of 40. Such increase of chromosomes does not kill the individuals. Their generations continue as well. Such type of chromosomal change is called useful mutation. This method is applied especially in taming plants and animals. For example, corns whose number of chromosomes has increased two or four times, have bigger cobs and larger-grains in comparison to normal individuals. In the same way, in order to improve milk and meat production, similar applications are carried out on animals. 

Mutations apart from this are harmful and usually mortal whether they take place in genes or in the structure of chromosomes. It is possible to encounter different viewpoints which are in favor of or against the hypothesis that in time, mutations brought forth different diversity of organisms which are present today from one ancestor. Whatever the reason, some scientists accept mutations as “raw material for natural selection and “ a prominent factor for evolution” no matter what the reason is (1).

Dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionist, attributes all these changes to mutation and says:

“If all the things have been sprung up from one organism, all organic differences must occur by means of mutational changes” (2) 

Ernst Mayer makes a similar statement:

“Mutation is the final source for the  genetic variations which exist in natural populations”. (3)

Waddington claims that mutations which occur randomly are the only cause for differentiation and states it as follows:

“We do not know any other way other than mutations which randomly occur for the occurrence of new variations related to heredity. These facts have not changed yet.” (4)

However, there are also many scientists who state that mutations do not provide sufficient evidence for evolution. Among them, Ayala puts forth this statement:

“We predict that the frequency of mutations in higher organisms changes from one per ten thousand to one per million for a single gene.” (5)

Muller expresses this view:

“More than %99 of mutations is definitely harmful. This is all that is supposed to come out of random events.” (6)

The evolut,onist Huxley also points out that mutations are destructive and lethal:

“Rarely is one useful mutation encountered out of a thousand of them. However, even this rate is a success because most of the mutations are lethal and some are destructive.” (7) 

A number of different experiments have been carried out on bacteria especially in recent years. The effects of heat, drought, lyophilization, electricity, high pressure and various chemicals on bacteria have been researched. In conclusion, it has been observed that no new species came out by means of mutations in different environmental circumstances. (8)

Bacteria are the organisms which undergo mutation the most frequently. Especially the bacterium, Echerichia coli divides once in twenty minutes. A great amount of bacteria have been produced as a result of experiments which have been carried out in the last 50 years. Furthermore, the number of bacteria produced in these 50 years is much more greater than the number of any species of animal which have survived for 100 millions of years so far.  If a change of species due to mutation could have occurred, such change of species would have been definitely observed on these bacteria.

Institute of Medical Physics and Palynology in the University of Geesser points out that there is no difference between bacteria which existed 500 millions of years and the bacteria which are present today. (9) 

In fact, it is frequently pointed out that it is impossible to explain the form of evolution which is coordinated and has been proceed in a certain direction with randomly and irregularly occurring mutations. (9-10)

Moor states that changes which may occur due to mutations cannot exceed the limits of species and says:

“Mutations are the changes which occur in any species of living organisms and which cannot exceed the limitations of species. Groups of macro-organisms can be explained by neither change of polyploidy nor change of chromosomal order.” (12) 

Stephen Gould, a well-known evolutionist, states that a new species cannot be reproduced by mutation:

“A mutation cannot produce a new DNA. For this reason, it is impossible to generate new species by mutating species.” (13)

Gordon Taylor, a geneticist and evolutionist, admits the failure of experiments of mutation to provide evidence for evolution and says:

“ For sixty years, geneticists from all around the world have been trying to produce fruit flies to prove evolution. However, they have not observed an occurrence of a species nor an enzyme.” (14)

Conclusion

Useful mutations are the ones which occur as an increase of number of chromosomes in exact number of times. This method is applied in taming plants and animals, production of larger fruits and improvement of milk and meat production. However, it is impossible to reproduce new and different species out of these. Duplicating the number of chromosomes of a corn brings forth larger-grained and bigger cobbed corns and the  corn still remains a corn and the corn does not produce beans. 

Footnotes:

1. Demirsoy, A. Kalıtım ve Evrim. Meteksan Yay. No.11. Ankara. 1984. 

2. Dobzhansky,T.Genetic of the Evolotionary Process.Colombia Uni.Press.1970,P.30. 

3. Mayer,E. Populations, Species and Evolution. Cambridge, Mass: Harward  Uni. 1970, p.102.

4. Waddington,C. H. The Nature of Life. At­heneum. New York, 1962, p. 98. 

5. Ayala, J.F. Teological Explanations in Evolutionary Biology. Philosophy of Science. 1970, Vo1:37.p.3.

6. Muller, H.J. Radiation Damage to the Genetic Ma­terial. American Scientist. 1950, Vo1.37.p.3.

7. Huxley, J.  Evolution in Action. New York.Harper Bros. 1953, p. 4l.         

8. Bilgehan, H. Genel Mikrobiyoloji ve Bağışıklık Bi­limi. Ankara. 1984.                         

9. Şengün, A. Evolusyon. İstanbul Üniv.Yayınları, İstanbul. 1971, issue. 162.

10. Akbult, Ş.  Darwin ve Evrim Teorisi. Yeni Asya Ya­yınları. İstanbul, 1980.

11. Metin,A., Fıeld, A. N. ve Moore, J. N. İlmi Ger­çekler ışığında Darwinizm. Otağ Matbaası. 1976.

12. Moor, J. On Chromosomes, Mutations and Phlo­geny. 1971. Terc. A. Metin. İlmi Gerçekler ışığında Darwinizm. Otağ Yay. 1971.                              

13. Gould, S.J. Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Lecture at Hobart & Wm Smith College, 4 Şubat, 1980.                                                                         

14. Taylor, G. The Great Evolution Mystery. New York. Harper , 1983, p.48.

The changes that the horse underwent during its phylogeny are given as an example to the evolution of higher organisms. According to the claim of Weller, Eohippus, known as the “primitive horse”, which lived in the Miocene Epoch, had four toes on each forefoot and three on each hind foot; all of the toes pressed on the ground when it walked ^l.

It is claimed that there were eight species of horse throughout the geological time and they are listed from the smallest to the biggest as it is seen in Figure 1 (Table l).

According to Johnson, the third toe of the horse developed while the others were gradually reduced and disappeared. It is claimed that it was because the horses ate the young branches and leaves of the trees but later began to eat grass since the pastures became dominant beginning from the Miocene Epoch.  

It is assumed that only by running fast can it be possible to be protected from the enemies in plains where the horses graze on the grassland; thus, the third toe developed and enlarged, causing the others to disappear. The toes other than the third toe atrophied and became useless and vestigial organs ².     

EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE

When the horse fossils are examined carefully, it will be seen that there is no increase in the ribs in parallel with their development in the geological eras. As it is seen in Table l, The number of ribs decreases from 18 pairs in Eohippus to 15 pairs in Orohippus; then it increases to 19 pairs in Pliohippus and then decreases again to 16 pairs in Equus.

The decrease in the number of toes is attributed to the feeding style hence running and fleeing from the enemies. 

Table l. Species of horse assumed to live on the earth throughout geological eras                   

The assumption, “If an organ is used, it will develop, and if it is not used, it will atrophy” is known as “La­marck’s Principle”. It has been understood for the last 20 years that Lamarck’s principle was based on modification, that is, the transmission of the change in somatic cells to the youngs is impossible; however, it is transmitted through a change in the gametes. Besides, through the same reasoning, it will be necessary to explain why many animals primarily rabbits that escape from their enemies did not undergo similar changes.

Wells states the following regarding the issue:

“Three years before Charles Darwin's death in 1882, Yale University paleontologist Othniel Marsh published a drawing of horse fossils to show how modern one-toed horses had evolved from a small four-toed ancestor. His drawings, which included only foot bones and teeth, were supported by the addition of the skull and the drawings of horse fossils, and quickly found their way into museum exhibits and biology textbooks as evidence for evolution”³. 

Figure l. The drawing of evolution assumed to be related to the history of the horse.  In the first row, the whole body, in the second row, the legs, in the third row, the skull and in the last row the teeth are shown with their estimated drawings.

It is disputable whether “the splint bones in the horse leg are vestigial organs” because they have some functions. According to Cousins, the functions are as follows:

1. They provide strengthening for the horse's leg.

2. They are attachment areas for several leg muscles.

3. They make a protective groove for the suspensory ligament that supports a horse's weight ⁴.

Dunouy and Goldschmidt state that the single-toed horse existed on the earth in the Mesozoic Era, 130 million years ago, that is, long before the multi-toed horse. According to them, the first multi-toed horse appeared in the Eocene, 55 million years ago and the last generation of the multi-toed horse became extinct in the Miocene, about 25 million years ago^5-7.

Boyce Rensberger, one of the evolutionist biologists, states that the scenario of the evolution of the horse has no foundation in the fossil record, and that no evolutionary process has been observed that would account for the gradual evolution of horses:

“The popularly told example of horse evolution, suggesting a gradual sequence of changes from four-toed fox-sized creatures living nearly 50 million years ago to today's much larger one-toed horse, has long been known to be wrong. Instead of gradual change, fossils of each intermediate species appear fully distinct, persist unchanged, and then become extinct. Therefore, they are not transitional forms but different forms with separate structures” ⁸.

Evolutionist Colin Patterson, one of the administrators of the British Museum of Natural History, expresses a similar view:

“The exhibit on horse evolution prepared fifty years ago, which is still on exhibit downstairs, is nothing but a bad imaginary story. The evolution of the horse has been presented as ‘the great truth’ in hundreds of scientific books. However, what those people do is nothing but speculation” ⁹.

It is stated that  the fossils that the equine evolution are based on the invented sequences of fossils, set out in order of size, belonging to different life forms that lived at different times in India, North America, South America and Europe. There is no consensus regarding the issue among the evolutionists. Various researchers have proposed more than 20 different equine evolution sequences. The only thing these sequences have in common is the belief that the first ancestor of the horse was a dog-like animal known as Eohippus (Hyracotherium) that lived in the Eocene Period some 55 million years ago. However, Hitching says, “Eohippus, which is presented as the “ancestor of the horse”, is in fact identical to the animal known as the hyrax, which is still to be found in Africa today, which has nothing to do with the horse and bears no resemblance to it ¹⁰.

Gordon R. Taylor, an evolutionist, writes the following in his book, “The Great Evolution Mystery” about the sequences of horses:

“Paleontologists failed to find the fossils related to the equine sequences put forward by evolutionists. The sequence of horses is presented as the only fully worked-out example regarding evolution, but it is not so. The line from Eohippus to today’s Equus is very erratic. Specimens from different sources can be brought together in a convincing-looking sequence, but there is no evidence that they were actually ranged in this order in time” ¹¹.

It is understood that each species of the multi-toed horses is a separate kind and that they lived in a certain period and then became extinct... The ancestors of the single-toed horses are also single-toed. 

Footnotes:

1.Weller, M. J. The Course of Evolution. New York. 1969, pp. 689.

2. Johnson,W.H., Laubenga, R. A. and De Lanney, L. E. General  Biology. Third Edition. New York. 1965, 788 pp.                                                        

3. Wells, J. Icons of Evolution, Science or Myth? Trns. Orhan Düz. Evrimin İkonları, Bilim Mi Mit Mi? Gelenek yayıncılık. Kurtiş Matbaası, İstanbul, 2003 p. 181.

4. Cousins, F.W. Creation Research Society Quarterly. 1971, Vol. 8. P. 99.        

5. Dunouy, L.Human Destiny.The New American Library. New York.1947,P.74   

6. Gish, D.T. Have You Been Brain Washed? 1983.Trns. Âdem Tatlı,  Evolusyon. 11th impression, 1986, p.19.                                                                              

7. Goldschmidt, R.B. American Scientist. 1952, Vol. 40.p.97.                          

8. Rensberger, B. Houston Chronicle, 5 November, 1980, Chapter 4, p.15.                  

9. Patterson, C. Harper’s.  February, 1984, p.60.                                                      

10. Hitching, F. The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong? New  York.Ticknor and Fields, 1982, p.30-31.

11. Gordon, R.T. The Great  Evolution  Mystery. London, Sphere Books, 1984, p.230.

click on the links given below to see the answer;

What are the viewpoints of Muslim scholars on ‘evolution theory’?

Some people try to explain the Creation by coincidence. What is your answer to them?

According to Islam, mother of all humanity is one, how does science react to this claim?

What would you say to evolutionists’ claims such as, “Dinosaurs evolved and transformed into Birds?”

       Prof. Dr. Âdem Tatlı           

            Question:  “According to some sources, face shapes, slanting eyes, skin colors are based on the place where people live. For instance, if a community of white people go to Africa and do not marry with black people, their skin colors blacken after hundreds of years. Turks living in the hard climate of Altai-Tengri Mountains are slant-eyed but Turks living in the mild climate of Anatolia are not slant-eyed. Can this view be true?”

            Answer: The genetic traits of all living things are encoded in their genes. Genes are located in the big molecules called chromosomes.  The basic structures of chromosomes are DNA molecules that consist of acids, bases and proteins. Environmental conditions that will change or break the DNAs, which are the bases of these genetic structures, or the chromosomes, affect the genetic structure of that living thing. Those environmental conditions are either the inner structure of the living thing or the outer environment it lives in.

            To what extent a change that can happen in the genetic structure of a living thing can change the genetic structure of that living being depends on the level of the change and the genetic potential of that living thing.   

            The species of living things are dealt with as a community not as individuals. That community is called population. For instance, the community of bees is a population. Human beings are a population, too.  Therefore, the individuals in the populations have some small differences genetically. We call it the genetic potential or the gene pool of the population. There will be a gene flow among the individuals in that gene pool and as a result of some combinations, some traits that will not show their affects in the appearance will be produced. The new traits emerging in that appearance may have different reasons. They are as follows:  

            1- Some genes that are present in the genetic structure but that cannot appear because of being under the effect of the dominant trait may have been freed from that effect. The stars are present in the sky during the day but they cannot be seen due to the dominant effect of the sun. Similarly, when the effect of the sun disappears, stars become visible. Some traits are like that. When they are freed from the effect of the dominant traits, they appear.

            2- Some breaks and attachments may take place in chromosomes or genes due to the effect of the environment. In fact, the environment does not add new genetic structure to the living thing from outside. The changes in the existing gene pool make it possible.

We can clarify it by giving an example.

Suppose that the resistance dose of the bee to drug A is maximum120 units. When you give them an average of 70 units of drug A to the bees, some of the individuals of the bee population will die because although the traits that can resist the drug are present potentially in their genetic structure, they do not become active because they have never faced such an environment before. In such an environment, the traits in the genetic structures become active immediately and even if you increase the dose to 100 units, they will not be affected by it. As a matter of fact, the bee population did not acquire the resistance to that drug from that environment. Those traits, which were already present in their genetic structure, became active. If you increase the dose to 120 units, which is the maximum limit, that population will die.  

            Likewise, Allah gave each living thing including man that He created the maximum and minimum environmental conditions as a genetic potential just like that drug dose. The changes that can take place in the gene pool can be up to the maximum or minimum limits of life. When the change exceeds the limit, that living thing does not turn into a new species. It becomes extinct because it has exceeded the limit of life.      

            All of the color and race traits of man were present in the genetic structure of Hazrat Adam, the first man. During the course of the history, the tribes and groups that were separated from each other began to increase among themselves. Thus, through genetic expansions and new marriages, various color and race traits that were present in the gene pool of man became apparent in the appearance called phenotype. 

            Issues that fully interest specialists

            As a matter of fact, these issues are very special questions that interest specialists only. I think the reason why people who are not specialists are interested in the issue originates from the fact that the positivist and materialist philosophers explain the past of man through such changes. Besides, the soul tries to find a way showing that man emerged coincidentally and randomly through the evolution of other living things based on the changes in the environmental conditions. Thus, the soul wants to leave Allah out and not to obey His orders and prohibitions. However, even the movement of an atom is not out of the boundaries of the knowledge and power of Allah.  Can it be possible that the emergence of man, who is the most honorable creature, be out of His knowledge?

Denying Allah does not prevent one from going to the hereafter but to Paradise

Allah cannot be left out by ignoring Him. It is like denying the existence of the sun. A person who does not accept the existence of the sun and closes his eyes makes it a night only for himself. Denying the existence of Allah and the hereafter does not prevent one from going to the hereafter. It only prevents one from entering Paradise.  

Causes are only a pretext and a veil to Allah’s knowledge, will and power

No matter what living thing it is, no matter in which environment it lives, any changes that can take place in its body can be realized only through Allah’s knowledge, will and power. Environmental conditions are only a pretext and a veil.  The tree yields the apple and the seed yields the tree. Causes seem to produce the beings and direct them. In fact, there is a distance as far as the earth and the sky between the cause that brings about a being and that being. The distance between the sky and the mountain that seem to touch each other in the horizon is as much as the distance between the earth and the sky. As a matter of fact, the real doer behind the causes is Allah. Man intervenes in the structure of the beings consciously but he is still a cause because it is Allah who makes and renews the cells of the living things and it is also Allah who gives man knowledge, will and life, and arranges his working. 

Allah wants us and encourages us to study the book of the universe, that is, all of the beings in the universe and the laws that they are subject to, and to find out the laws and principles that are valid among the beings and how they work, with the knowledge, will and power that He gave us.  

However, we must not attribute the property of Allah to the causes and coincidence when we display them through the rules of science.

Materialists people preferred to display their tricks in other fields on the grounds that they know quite well that it is rather unreasonable to attribute divinity to matter, which is unconscious, lifeless, and powerless. They started to maintain that matter is eternal. It was another form of calling matter as god. However, they maintained it as a kind of philosophy and they found many supporters who wanted to deceive themselves.

Just as evolutionists traced back the creation of human being to millions of years ago and attempted to explain the issue in the form of evolving from another animal because they realized that it is rather awkward to claim that man is created by his parents, so too did those people take man to the past as in the same trick above and tried to make him forget about his own creation by occupying him with eternality of matter. Though it was so obvious that matter is an auxiliary being, they struggled to demonstrate it as a god.


We want to quote from the Light Collection a lesson of truth which reduces all the materialists to silence: As for matter, it is the degenerated form and cannot be free from the temporary movements of happenings. Then, its hudus is certain. (Muhakemat)

Hudus is something that comes into existence later, that is to say, it has got a certain beginning.

As for hadis, it is something that has got a beginning.

The hudus of matter, namely the fact that it is created afterwards, is evident since it changes its shapes and it moves. One movement is followed by another action. That previous movement disappears because of the second action.

In the lesson of truth studied above, it has been proven that the attributes of matter are hadis. The movement is hadis; it shows that both actions are hadis if one disappears and then something new replaces it. Taking that into consideration, since matter has got these hadis features, it is necessary that matter itself be hadis as well. It is because hadis characteristics can only be found in hadis beings. This last decree has obviously been stated with the expression hudus is certain

The same thing can be said for shape. Regarding that matter changes its shape, its former figure and the form into which it turns are all hadis. Something that has got a hadis feature cannot be eternal since it is hadis. As it was created later, it is a being (creature).

As we pointed out shortly at the very beginning, the claim by materialists that matter is eternal stems from the fact that they failed to prove their assertion.

Let us think about a glass bowl. No materialist can respond to the question how the glass which is the origin of bowl took the form of the bowl.

In addition, the production of glass is another issue. The origin of glass is sand, lime and soda. They take the shape of glass after they are processed. There lies a knowledge, power and will for this course of action. Otherwise, why should these matters bother themselves for such a long and troublesome course? It is a matter of processing.

This palace of universe was created out of inanimate elements. However, the universe has moved forward, developed, expanded, spread and changed since its first formation. Then it took its present form in the end. Since all these useful and wise things cannot be attributed to lifeless matter, there is one who makes it expand, change and advance.

We need to contemplate a bit if the bricks of the past have turned into a house now, the ink of yesterday has became a book today, the motionless matters of former times have taken the shape of a car or an airplane and it is impossible to account for by reason these progresses and changes with matter being eternal used in their construction. However, this explanation is sufficient for those wishing to deceive themselves.

Nipples are present in the fetus before the gender forms. The state of the nipples is the same after birth in both boys and girls; the change starts with the secretion of different hormones in the stage of puberty. Nipples are places where there are a lot of neurons. The effect of nipples in sexual arousal in men is known.

Allah did not create anything purposelessly. That we do not know much about the issue does not mean that it is useless.

That the nipples are defined as vestigial organs remaining from the previous ancestors of man is a philosophical view; it is not scientific because the weakening of an organ because of lack of usage or the development of an organ because of usage is only a change in the cells of the body. It is not a change in the genes. Therefore, this change is not transferred to the offspring. For instance, the children of a man whose hand was cut off in a traffic accident or war are born with proper hands.

Call it nature or something else; what is the nature? Does it have a mind, knowledge and conscious? Does it see and hear? Does it have power and will? The ones that will carry out activities in nature have to possess those attributes.

Prof. Dr. Âdem Tatlı 

Call it nature or something else; what is the nature? Does it have a mind, knowledge and conscious? Does it see and hear? Does it have power and will? The ones that will carry out activities in nature have to possess those attributes. Moreover, every attribute must be illimitably possessed because the works and activities carried out necessitate an infinite power, an infinite knowledge, an infinite will and an infinite life. If the qualities mentioned above do not exist in nature, how will nature manage and perform activities in the universe?    

The form and structure of human, placement of every organ properly and making them work necessitate an extremely sensitive care and infinite knowledge and power. If such a knowledge and power had not existed, the elements that should go to the bones would go to the eyes or the brain.  In uterus, the mouth could have been in the place of the ears, the ears could have been at the edge of the nose, the eyes could have been inside the palms and the teeth could have been under the feet. 

Pears or cherry leaves do not exist on apple trees; peach leaves do not exist on walnut trees, either. An infinite power and a universal will, which creates and manages all trees and fruits, cows and flies with their specific genetic features is necessary.       

In biology, nature is described as follows: all of the lifeless things and living things are called as nature. Since attributes such as knowledge, will and power do not exist in the lifeless beings such as air, water, the Sun and the earth, we should expect them to exist in living things. Living things are divided into three as plants, animals and human beings. Among those, only human beings have knowledge and power. If anybody would perform activities in this world, it could be only the humankind. However, man also asks questions: “Who is performing the acts in this universe? For example, he asks: “Who creates those sheep, goats, cows, flies, orchards, gardens and mountains? Who creates man in that form and sustains it?” It is not possible to explain that structure of the universe by taking refuge behind a hypothetical expression called nature.       

In this universe, Allah is the One who manages all beings from atoms to galaxies, from bacteria to human beings; in other words, He is the One who creates and sustains them and who has infinite knowledge, will, power and life. Everything acts and lives under His order and will. 

Every living thing is like a programmed folder. 

The beings in the universe can be considered as a computer folder containing ten thousand pages. Every line, letter and even every point of it express a meaning. If you add a character or a letter to that ten-thousand-page folder, or delete a letter from it, you will definitely be asked by the program whether to save that or not. In other words, without changing the program, you cannot add or delete any of the characters of the program without notifying the program or the maker of the program. 

As you see, the universe is just like that folder. Everything from atoms to galaxies is recorded in the program of the Divine Knowledge. Even an atom cannot move without His knowledge. You can also call that folder as the notebook of Divine Determining.      

If you add some letters in every second to your computer folder and save it as a different folder each time, you will achieve thousands of folders which are basically the same but have some subtle differences. If you print those folders one after another, you will have hundreds of pages which have some differences from each other.    

In the same way, according to the instructions in the notebook of the Divine Determining, at every moment, in the page of life, all living things are written with the elements existing in this universe one after another like those folder pages. Human beings are the same, too. A man is formed of approximately a hundred trillion cells and every cell is formed of about a hundred trillion atoms. Through the nutrition we take, the air we breathe and three thousand reactions occurring in every second in every cell, we are written in the page of life again and again. We can recognize those changes easily in long time periods. If we have our photograph taken once a year, we will see how we will have changed after 25-30 years. We will even hesitate whether the first photos belong to us or not.    

If man gazes at the universe, he will see that Allah created the universe in the form of a house; He made the Sun a lamp and the Moon a night-light; He adorned the ceiling of this house with stars and He ornamented the ground with orchards and gardens, fountains and springs; He sent down water from the sky and He decorated the earth with flowers and insects in the form of a carpet; He livened up it with sheep, goats and cows; He created man as a commander of all those beings, a being that He addresses as the most honorable creature of the earth.   

Then, it will be more significant and meaningful to study and search the beings on the earth. One will think that no being, not even a point in this realm is unnecessary and unattended and that everything was created by Allah in accordance with a purpose. Such a thought encourages studying and searching. 

In this realm, where even an atom is not unattended, is it possible that man, who is the most honorable being and the commander of the beings, is unattended? Allah gave man mind and reason and addressed him; He introduced Himself through His messengers and books. Is it not necessary for those who listen to evolutionists and atheist philosophers in order to learn the structure and nature of man and where he comes from and where he wants to go also to listen to what Allah and His messenger state about the issue?   

If man asks Allah and His Prophet why Allah created man and the universe and where man will go after this world, he will receive a true and satisfactory answer. “He who makes knows; he who knows speaks” is a rule. A person who produces a washing machine knows best what it is for, why it was produced and how it works. Similarly, the one who knows man best is Allah, who created him.   

Let us set out to past in our imagination. Let us go to the era in which the Earth newly started to differentiate from its lava form and tended to cool down. Let us stand by the Earth, the core of which is a great fire and the surface of which is cooling down and let us list some objects that we own today. Of course, we will not list all of the words in the dictionary here. Let us only remember a few words which will be enough to shed light on this issue:
Hand, foot, wings, eye, small intestine, pancreas, paw, beak, nails, branch, root, leaf, pine, willow, apple

Let us stab the nonsense of evolution with these words; then let us add new words to them Let us count all kinds of fauna and flora existing on the Earth today one by one. Let us remember all of their organs one by one. And let us ask ourselves: do not all of those hint an infinite knowledge and wisdom? How can one believe that all of those things emerged through evolution on their own after the fire cooled down?

We are returning to the past again. The Earth is fully adorned and it is waiting for its guests like an empty palace. Let us imagine one by one the emotions and moods which did not exist at that time but which now surround our inner world: Love, fear, curiosity, worry, hatred, mercy, cruelty, wittiness, naivety, ambition, indifference, affection

How and from whence were all of these given to the living beings on earth? With what kind of an evolution did those different characters which are as many as infinity emerge?

The creation may have occurred all of a sudden or lasted for billions of years. Humankind may have been created directly or indirectly. Yet, how can these questions be answered? : Who made human beings see out of the universe which cannot see? Who made humankind gain knowledge out of the universe which he does not know? Who brought these guests adorned with senses to this palace which does not feel, love and fear? How did non-seeing evolved into seeing? How did non-seeing turn into seeing, non-understanding into understanding? How did this non-living universe bear living beings?. Is it possible to explain all these bewildering events with the long-term awaiting of those ignorant objects?

Now let us go to earlier times. Let us go to the starting point which universe is about to be ready. Before that point, there is no creature existing. Let us imagine those words one by one: water, stone, air, star, moon, planet, sun, iron, nitrogen, chrome, nickel, mountain, plains, sky, the Milky Way, gravity, radioactive waves, electricity and many more.

If the creation of objects out of nothing is not attributed to the One who owns infinite knowledge and power, how can it be explained? If today we see a mansion in an area which was empty yesterday, we ask: Who had this mansion built? We do not even think that the area evolved and became a mansion. In this sense, how can this nonsense be put forward for the universe which was built from absence? Did absence evolve to be existence?

 
Let us put them all aside and seek the answer to this question: Though the essence of the Earth and the Sun were the same, how did one of them have all these forests, oceans, animals, human beings while the other one is still waiting? Why does it not go through evolution? We know it very well that if it evolves too, there will be neither the sun nor the earth. Then, let us put the question in another way: Who does not let the Sun evolve?

Some claim that Darwin was an evolutionist who believed in God. It is not that I will claim the opposite. However, if an evolutionist believes in God, when the theory he/she supports and this belief are juxtaposed, a weird scene emerges: This universe is created by God, together with its sun, moon, stars, air, soil and underground resources in order to offer a home to living beings. Later, the Creator decided not to interfere with the rest Every object evolved into whatever they wanted; camel, fox, monkey, human, apple or olive.

Lamarck who supported evolution before Darwin stated: The ancestor of giraffe was a creature similar to deer, without a long neck. When it could not find enough of weeds to feed on, it had to eat tree leaves. When it ran out of lower leaves, it tried to reach the upper ones. Then its neck got longer and in every new generation, it got even longer and finally the giraffe of our day emerged.

Let us ask to the ones who take this claim seriously: It is said that giraffes neck got longer in order to eat leaves in the upper parts of the tree. Then, why did fruit-trees evolve to bear fruits? Would they eat the fruits themselves or would their cubs eat them? Did a horse, which is given to the service of human beings, gain this speed in order to catch the weeds? Did an ox become strong in order to carry our loads? Did a chicken evolve to be a non-flying animal in order to be unable to escape from us?

The beings in the universe are called letters from God That is to say; every being went through a divine training, loaded with a lot of meanings, gained a new character and became a divine letter. The ink used in these letters: Atoms. According to a materialist, the letters were written by the ink. According to a naturalist, it is natural for ink to turn into letter. And according to an evolutionist, Letters were written with the long-term awaiting of the inks!

The ink of the book of the universe is atoms. These atoms were created with divine power and innumerable stars, planets and sun were created from approximately a hundred elements. We call them altogether the universe and we know very well that it could not have come into existence by itself and it could not have emerged with the evolution of another universe.

Let us have a look at the Solar System: It is not that it emerged with the evolution of another system.

It has been proved that all species have a different genetic structure today. The growth of living beings happens in accordance with this genetic structure and divine program. The One who owns infinite knowledge and power exposes billions of seeds, eggs and sperms to a perfect process and He creates books out of dots and oceans out of drops.

The ones who support the philosophy of evolution do not take this infinite mercy and this divine training into consideration at all and address people as follows: Neither this universe, nor your own existence is worthy of pondering over! Put them aside! Just ponder over from which animal did the first human being evolve!..

Nothing about transitional forms that have been put forward about evolution reflects the truth. If the frog came into existence from fish as it has been claimed by evolutionists, then transitional forms should show us this transition step by step. That is, the existent material should continue as at first a fish by hundred percent then a fish by ninety percent, a frog by ten percent and then a fish by eighty percent and a frog by twenty percent.

However, no animal has such a transitional form. Since no fossils show this transition, the statement “There exists transitional forms but they have not been found yet” is an ideological evaluation. If there is no transitional form, how can you claim that living things evolve from one another? It is clear that what atheistic evolutionists have put forward is not a scientific result but an ideological thought that aims to deny a creator based on positivist philosophy.

The decomposition of nylon parts by some bacteria through some enzymes is not proof of evolution but of science. In other words, the causes and effects of it must be exposed. This must have a reason. Attributing the unknown events to evolution by leaving the scientific works aside is laziness and referring it to ideology.

Since evolution is the cause everything and all questions are answered and become indisputable when the evolution is set forth, then let us end anything unknown by referring them to evolution just like evolutionists. Now is such an approach a healthy way of thought according to you? For God’s sake, what is the relation of this to the scientific thought and working? They try to confuse the minds of youths with such superstitions and canalize them wrongly.

We as believers in God know that God does not create anything without a reason. We believe that creatures of the universe must be investigated with scientific methods in detail. As we investigate the creatures in the world, which are an art of God, we will know God better and accept that we will perceive His infinite knowledge and power better.  

We are not interested in superstitions which say that creatures come into existence from one another like pulling a rabbit out of the hat.The inside of evolution hoax, which is believed to transform everything to another being with a magic band and nobody exactly know what it is, has been understood better gradually today, when mind and science are dominant.  

Prof. Dr. Adem Tatlı

Author: Sinan Bengisu

The balance of life in the sea, which is extremely well-arranged and rich, has been continuing for hundreds of ages without any deterioration. It is such a miraculous balance that each unit functions to complete one another. The balance existing among billions of creatures in the sea has the power of rebalancing itself against any sort of corruption.

If nutritious salt faces being harmed because of the abundance of plants in a region, this plant is attacked by the animals which feed on them. Thus, the plant density decreases down to its normal level. However, this time a rise in the organic waste of dead animals will occur. Thereby, if the plant balance is disturbed by the animals eating a lot of plants, then predatory animals which feed on those animals will attack them. Consequently, the balance will be restored again. There is no room for chance, randomness and disorder in the miraculous plan of our Creator. Cooperation examples in the sea world where an endless number of mysterious beauties are exhibited induced the scientists to research the matter. One of the truths researchers discovered is that those animals acquired very little of their knowledge by learning.

Then, all of their attributes and life programs are encoded in their cells while they are in the uterus or in the egg. That is to say, the most suitable life order is programmed before they come into the world.

The power that encoded the life program of a giant whale into such a small cell that cannot be seen by naked eye, does not leave any place as small as a cell for chance in the seas. The cooperation, balance, moderation and art in the sea realm that rolls in the death and life and that is shaken in destruction and repairs prove that birth, death, feeding and lifespan of these innumerable living beings occur in accordance with the program written by the One who sees and checks all the universe at the same time.

If the causes that continuously try to disrupt the balance of the universe were let free or were the works of aimless, wandering chance, unmeasured blind force and unconscious dark nature, the order in the sea even in the world would be so disrupted that in one year, perhaps in a day the sea would be full of messy things, the earth would become a rubbish damp, a slaughter house or a marsh. Nonetheless, there seems no true pollution or ugliness in anything. As there is no imbalance in anything, there is no true excessiveness in anything.

When we examine the food pyramid, we see that eating and being eaten are not unattended and that they are managed in accordance with a program. As for the life program of swallowtail sea perch, they feed on small parasites and dead skin flakes on the skin of big fish, and clean those fish.

Fish that are in need of cleaning come to these cleansing fish, which have special places, just as a person who needs a haircut goes to a barber. Other fish recognize them from their appearance and do not hunt them.

Amphiprions have a mutual life with deadly sea peonies. Acidic cells in the arms of the sea peonies which are used to kill and eat the fish do not harm amphiprions. The body of sea peony which has a diameter about 40-60 cm is connected to sea ground with succulent ties. The mouth of the creature is in the middle of the body. Anything would die instantly by the bites of the acidic cells and would be dragged towards the mouth of sea peony to be eaten. However, amphiprions are not harmed in the places surrounded by these acidic cells. Moreover, when these fish get scared on account of a reason, they take refuge in the arms of sea peonies as if going home, and spend the night there. Sea peonies benefit from this cooperation too. When an amphiprion finds a hunt which cannot be gobbled up straightaway, it carries the food to the sea peony and shares with it. Except from this pay, which is a sort of rent, amphiprions clean sea peonies and move the water around them.

Perhaps amphiprions and sea peonies do not know their Creator, who bestowed the mutual living program on them. However, any person with the ability of thinking knows our Creator, who sends light to the assistance of botanical planktons in the depth of the sea for photosynthesis, and who determined the cooperation as a rule of life for all things from cells to mankind, from seas to mountains. This is the greatest difference between fish and human beings.

Dolphins generally give birth to only one baby at a time. The gestation period of females changes between 11 months and a year and bringing the baby into the world takes about normally 30 minutes. When the time of birth comes, two more female dolphins succor the female dolphin. The first duty of these dolphins, which are called aunts, is to defend the mother and baby from the sharks that could attack by virtue of blood smell and from any other dangers. Afterwards, one of the aunt dolphins accompanies the mother dolphin so as to help for the baby care. The baby has to emerge to the surface in order to breathe. The mother dives immediately underneath the baby and shoves it upward to the surface. Dolphins, which always live in groups, immediately proceed to help if a dolphin is injured take it to the sea surface to make it breathe.

In an article entitled cruel-looking animal world published in Bild der Zeit magazine, there is this comment concerning the issue:

Hunting and being hunted is an event encountered every day in the animal kingdom. This world is full of incidences which make men say cruel nature. In reality, what we thoughtlessly define as cruelty is a chain of attitudes of all animals. Plants and animals are encoded to react against a certain event in a certain manner. Surely, the attributes acquired by learning are different.

Every animal that come to the world with a certain program reacts to the signals that are sent to it. Sometimes these reactions affect us astonishingly. What seems as cruel to us is nothing but the incidence of hunting and being hunted.

Every living being, from starfish to cuttlefish, from European anchovy to whale and from amoeba to terrapin, constitutes a proof for their Creator and manifests Allah as brilliant as the sun one by one with their artful creations, various weapons, unique defending fashions and different instructions. After seeing by eyes of intellect and heart that the brilliant magnificence and the order of the sea realm declare the Owner of an endless power, a vast knowledge and an eternal wisdom, it is not possible to accept the sentence big fish eat small fish as a philosophy of life without being aware of its wisdom.

The existence of small fish as much as the big ones and their continuation of their lives in the sea show that swallowing and being swallowed is not unchecked, and the fact that fish produce millions of eggs at a time cannot be regarded as a struggle of existence only. Those innumerable eggs are planned not only to provide the continuance of descendants, but also to present food to other creatures. The fish producing millions eggs cannot be the designer of those eggs; they can only produce the eggs in accordance with the instruction of creation; so the program of food pyramid in the sea cannot have occurred on its own or by chance.

If we reflect that each fish produces millions of eggs and that all of those fish survive without being swallowed by other fish and that the seas will invade the earth after a short time by overflowing and as the land will be filled with fish and it will putrefy, then we will see that being hunted or swallowed is not a struggle but acting in accordance with a program.

How could we explain the fact that a hen lays eggs throughout the year although it incubates once or twice a year and needs only about thirty eggs for that activity?

Would it be possible to say that life consists of struggle only by focusing on a struggle which is in the rate of one out of a thousand or on a hunting incident, in spite of the truths surrounding us and manifesting us that life is cooperation?

The statement “A human being is the product of seventy per cent genetics + thirty per cent environment” is not true because the scientific data we have today are not enough to make a definite judgment.   

According to what experts state, there is a DNA molecule resembling a rope ladder in each chromosome. The DNA molecule consists of thousands of units that are connected to each other like the links of a chain. The hereditary information is hidden in the special arrangement of those units. That arrangement is called “genetic code”. There really exists a code in each arrangement of the units in the DNA molecule showing what protein the cell will produce. The part of the cell that produces chemicals can decode the password and produce the protein necessary for the living thing.

As it can be understood from the explanations above, the genetic code is a mechanism that is designed by the divine power and wisdom and that is related to arranging the biological needs of the living body. Testing is related to the spirit, mind, consciousness and free will, which are spiritual mechanisms.  

“The genetic coding” that the exact sciences have discovered today is a wise reflection of the divine instinct and the instinct of destiny. The testing that Allah has prepared for human beings is related to consciousness and it addresses the mind. Therefore, when man directs those natural motives toward a wrong way through a wrong intervention, his conscious free will can interfere and turn it to the true path.

Therefore, “genetic codes” do not direct man toward good deeds or bad deeds by force, as it is wrongly assumed, because man’s free will can stop that motive. Besides, the duty of the free and conscious will is to function as a brake like that. The realization of an equitable testing depends on that free will. For instance, a man who is hungry cannot say, “I feel hungry; so, I can steal something.”

For an equitable testing, there needs to be two opposite poles – one demanding good deeds, the other demanding bad deeds – in the inner world of man. The mechanism consists of the heart, mind and the lofty feelings that like good deeds and the soul, blind and mean feelings that like good deeds. The realization of those opposite desires depends on the free will of man. Man prefers one choice and does it; then, he is punished or rewarded depending on it.

The views that there exists a genetic coding that suspends man’s free will and directs it toward bad deeds are nothing but speculations; they are the products of an approach that overlooks the divine justice that is necessary for testing. There may be some factors that symbolize goodness and badness but it is not right to think that they are so effective as to eliminate man’s free will completely.    

It is said that an important part of the genetic codes is inherited. However, the fact that the son of the Prophet Noah preferred unbelief and that Ikrima, the son of Abu Jahl, who was one of the leading figures of unbelievers, chose belief is enough to show that it is a controversial view. The proverb, “A bad child is born out of a good person and a good child is born out of a bad person” shows that the issue of inheritance in testing is exaggerated.

The presence of Moses in the palace of the Pharaoh, who claimed to be a god, and the existence of the Pharaoh’s wife, Asiya, who preferred belief and the fact that many members of the religious families prefer unbelief or debauchery and members of bad families prefer belief and Islam show clearly that the environment alone is not a forcing element in testing. The fact that many non-Muslims chose Islam through their free will by using their minds throughout history indicates clearly that there exists an equitable testing.

“Every child is born with a natural belief in Allah and an inborn inclination toward Islam; then his parents and his environment make him a Jew, a Christian or a fireworshipper.”

The hadith above points out that one single traffic sign that shows a compulsory direction is not in question. The fact that some children of sinners become righteous people and the some children of righteous people become sinners is an irrefutable fact proving it. 

“Say "The Truth is from your Lord": let him who will, believe, and let him who will, reject (it).”(al-Kahf, 18/29)

In the verse above and in similar verses, the clear decree of Allah that man always has the right to make a preference based on his free will is stated; so, the scientific theories that are always disputable and the words of materialistic scientists and philosophers who always use those theories against the truths of religion have no significance at all.

Every species can adapt to the environmental conditions in its own habitat. Every species has a certain “variability coefficient” peculiar to it. If we assume the highest value of this variability coefficient as 1, it may be as low as 0,01 for some species and as high as 0,9 for others.  

No species has a change or variety that can pass the limit of this variability because every species encounters different stimuli in their environment almost every day and they respond to those stimuli based on their level of development and adapt to them. However, what we call variable and flexible equipment does not have a limitless property of variability; it is valid only for that species. As it is stated above, no species has the same property of flexibility and variability as another species.   

We will explain adaptation to the environment a bit. Every being has three values that it shows toward every environmental factor in the habitat that it lives as maximum, minimum and optimum. Factors like heat, temperature and light are the main environmental factors. For instance, let us think of the orange tree. Let us think that the temperature that it develops the most and gives the most fruit is 25 degrees; the minimum temperature that it can tolerate is minus 20 degrees and the highest temperature that it can tolerate is 70 degrees. If living beings are grown facing the environmental factors with the maximum and minimum values, they develop some differences in their structure compared to the ones grown in optimum values. When we grow the orange tree in an environment near the maximum value, that is, near 70 degrees, the leaves will get smaller and fuzzy in order to bear the heat. It will get smaller and fuzzy if it has those properties in its genetic structure. Then, there will be differences between the leaves of the orange tree growing in optimum conditions in terms of temperature and the leaves of the orange tree growing in maximum conditions in terms of size and fuzziness.  

Is this orange growing in the maximum environmental conditions a new species? If you regard small leaves and fuzziness as characteristics of species, you can call it a new species. However, basically, this plant is still an orange. That is, a pear or a peach tree does not come out of an orange tree through adaptation because its genetic structure is not suitable.

The book published by that academy is no difference than an ordinary book. This academy and similar institutions are under the control of scientists that support evolution and deny the existence of a creator. They present their philosophical views that are based on atheism under the disguise of scientific information. Thus, they want to form a public opinion and obtain power in the name of atheism. Their main aim is to bring up young people as atheists.  

Unfortunately, they abuse science for their ideology. The most appropriate field for abuse is evolution. Therefore, they always keep evolution on the agenda and they associate everything with it. They will not be able to conceal the reality of creation even if they publish one hundred books let alone one book. They cannot prove the existence of an evolution in the sense that they mean because the past of man cannot be experimented in the laboratory and it is not possible to reduce the past of the living beings to a single cell and to show that the others originated from them in chains through coincidence.

Therefore, all of the ideas they put forward can be no more than philosophical thoughts. That is, their claims can never be labeled as scientific information.

However, those who support creationism can open many windows in the past by showing the creation of a living being at any moment. Now, Allah creates a human being from a single cell, plants and animals from single cells at any moment. The one who creates today definitely created in the past, too. The one who creates a melon out of a melon seed can definitely create and created the whole universe and everything in it.

Atheistic evolutionists who claim that living beings came into existence coincidentally and spontaneously cannot even prove that lentil soup forms coincidentally and spontaneously let alone proving that all living beings came into existence coincidentally and spontaneously; if they could prove it, what they say might be somewhat true.

However, the evidence of those who support creationism has filled the universe. Every being shows and proves that they are the work of Allah’s infinite knowledge, will and power.

Prof. Dr. Adem Tatlı

If the evolution theory has been proved, then it cannot be a theory but a law. Then, there is no need to dispute it. If you wish, let us ask the question as follows:

What kind of works are needed to be done and achieved in order to prove the theory of evolution?

In order to answer this question, we need to know what the evolution theory prescribes; that is, the things that it claims. We can briefly explain the thought claimed by evolution theory as follows:

The foundation of all creatures in the universe is a single cell. This single cell came into existence coincidently and all other creatures reproduced from each other in succession. According to this theory, the universe is not an art of a creator but coincidence.

Such a claim can neither be proved by finding of a teeth or a skull nor exposing the formation of a gene. More precisely, it is a philosophical view which is related to the emergence of this realm and creatures. And the proving of it is not possible.

Leave the creatures aside. Can you prove that a lifeless thing came into existence coincidentally? For example, is the shirt made coincidentally and dressed on you by itself? Or your shoe, has it been made coincidentally without a doer and again put on your feet without your noticing; is that right?

If you listen to your conscience, then you will never be able to answer these questions as “Yes”. You cannot even make small children believe it, if you claim that a readymade shoe has been put on your feet coincidentally let alone the production of a shoe.

Since non-living things cannot come into existence without a doer, then how can living things come into existence in the same way?

In the second part of the question, the hormone of Aldosterone is mentioned. This hormone has the role of balancing the electrolyte and water in human body. It is secreted from the crust part of the suprarenal gland. It is impossible for such a hormone to function as a hormone singly without a living creature. As every organism has some elements in its basis, the main elements of this hormone are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Some derivations and compounds of them may have been brought into existence or compounded before living things. After understanding the form of a hormone or a molecule, putting forward that the theory of evolution has been proved as explained above is not the product of a healthy mind.

As for the story of intervening the genetic formation of a chimpanzee and forming of human; it has two aspects.

Firstly, creating living things and giving them life is peculiar to God. What a human should do is to direct the work of a genetic form. God has given this will to man. Giving life and sustenance to every creature, meeting all the demands of those cells, multiplying and differentiating those cells, changing the dead ones with the new ones are made by the will and power of God.

That a living thing is produced from another living thing through outside intervention, or that God creates for example a human being out of a chimpanzee cannot force us to make a generalization and to accept that all human beings are like that. Such a generalization does not comply with scientific thought and the rule of science. It is necessary to receive correct answers for each question that we ask in terms of genetics, biochemistry and biology for such generalization. An accidental occurrence of a living being from another living being cannot be evidence for generalization for the species of that living being unless you obtain the same result after each trial.   

That all of the scientists in the West support the theory of evolution is not true. Many scientists accept evolution as a form of philosophical thought. Some scholars accept creation directly.

However, those who oppose the theory of evolution are under academic pressure; therefore, some of them avoid opposing evolution openly. The views of some scientists that are opposite to evolution are not published in scientific periodicals and books because the administrators of even the religious periodicals are evolutionists who believe that man has evolved from the ape. They will never let any views that oppose evolution. It does not matter whether the thought about it is scientific or not for them. What matters is the article not including any views against evolution.

Thus, those who do not know the inside of the story think that all scientists support evolution.  

Besides, evolutionists spread the lie that everybody supports evolution.

Prof. Dr. Adem Tatlı

We will deal with the issue from a few viewpoints and leave it to you to synthesize the analysis.

1. The universe is the property of Allah. He has the right to do whatever He wishes in His property. It depends on His decision what living beings to create and how to do it. Allah imposed some laws like growing, development, differentiation and reproduction regarding creation and He attributed these laws to certain causes. These laws are valid for not only human beings but also all of the other living beings. 

Allah gave every living being an ultimate point, which is the most developed and most suitable for that living being. It is called the perfection point, that is, the perfect state of that living being. There is a perfection point for a tulip, rose, nightingale, cow, fly, horse, etc. There are certain causes and laws for that species of living being to reach that perfection point.  If these laws are not obeyed, that living being dies before reaching the perfection point. It does not matter whether it is a human being, plant or animal.  

For instance, some faults occur in the structure of a living being that cannot get enough water or food. The degree of this fault and illness is directly proportional to obtaining the substance that this living being needs. 

Similarly, some changes called mutation can take place in a living being that becomes exposed to radiation in the embryonic phase. Disabilities and abnormalities can occur in that living being depending on the length and magnitude of the radiation. A living being can be exposed to radiation or similar chemical reactions in natural environment or in a laboratory.  

For example, some chemical experiments applied on rats or rabbits in laboratories can cause them to be disabled in some way or other. All of the changes and differentiation that can occur this way are issues of research and investigation.    

After this preliminary knowledge, we can go back to the question, “Why does Allah create disabled and mutated living beings?” There can be two answers given to that question:

Firstly,no matter how much you change the causes and laws, every living being is created in the perfect way. Secondly, when you intervene in the causes and laws, you will get results based on what you do. 

What is happening in the universe now is the second answer. That is, God Almighty answers our question. Is it not more appropriate for His wisdom and justice?

For instance, we wander what will happen if we apply a certain amount of x-rays on the mouse embryo in the uterus. We will find out when we do it. The result will probably be a disabled or ill mouse.

God Almighty attributed everything to a law and cause. Some deformities or illnesses occur in the individuals in the realm of living beings based on whether these causes and laws are obeyed or not. You can also call it an answer to a question. In the realm of the living beings, the answers to the questions are obtained through experiments and applications. Allah's wisdom, justice and sovereignty in creation necessitate this.  

2. Allah is the only owner of the property. He governs the world and the hereafter. The owner of the property does whatever he wishes in his property. He constructs a building on his land or plants something if he wishes. He cannot be regarded as wrong or responsible because of what he does.

Allah has one thousand and one names; each of them wants to be manifest through a different art, manifestation and reflection. 

For instance, the name ar-Razzaq (the Sustainer) wants the existence of the living beings that need sustenance; similarly, the name ash-Shafi (the Healer) wants the existence of ill people and illnesses. The differences in the universe originate from different manifestations of these names. 

Works of art need to have different esthetics, and contrasts so that Allah's endless knowledge, power and wisdom will be understood fully by conscious beings. As the scientific rule, “Everything is understood by their opposites” necessitates, contrasts are necessary in beings. Thus, the facts that are called relative truths will appear and the difference between different arts will be understood. From this point of view, it can be said that beautiful things need ugly things so that their beauties will be understood; similarly, perfect things need incomplete things so that their perfection will be understood.

Allah dressed the bodies of humans and animals as clothes of their spirits. He made the spirit a model to show the manifestations of His various names. He wanted to tailor the shirts of bodies in different forms by shortening, lengthening, reducing and cutting on the flexible model of the spirit that could fit all kinds of molds. This difference aims to show the manifestation of many of His names like divine knowledge, power and wisdom. Accordingly, every being including a lame and blind person is a wonderful work of art; they reflect Allah's knowledge, power and wisdom. The things that seem to be deficient for us are indeed wonderful works of art.

All of the beings except human beings, who are gentle, coy and a bit spoiled, are satisfied with their state. For instance, no ant complaints that it is not an elephant and no fly complains that it is not a camel. Every being knows that they are grateful to their Lord and thank Him based on the degree of their value.

From this point of view, it is necessary for lame people to understand that they need to be grateful for their state with the consciousness of belief, to think that they will get great rewards in the hereafter in return for their deficiency in this ephemeral world life, to know that a person who gives away one but receives one thousand is not a loser but a winner and to thank their Lord. 

Animals, whose spirits are immortal, thank their Lord due to their existence even if they are lame. It is possible to understand this fact from the following verse: “…All beings declare His glory...” (al-Isra, 17/44)

One of the claims which lasted long in the literature of evolution but was left aside silently after being understood to be invalid is the conception of “Non-Functional Organs (Vestigial Organs)”.

However, some local evolutionists still think “non-functional organs” to be a great evidence of evolution and try to show them to be so.The claim of “non-functional organs” was brought forth about a century ago.

According to the claim, there were non-functional organs which were inherited by the bodies of animate beings from their ancestors, but became futile in the course of time as they were not used.  

This was absolutely not a scientific claim since it depended on insufficient information. In fact, “non-functional organs” were “those whose functions were not discovered”.

The best sign showing this was the contraction of the long list recounted by the evolutionists.

An evolutionist, S.R. Scadding, accepts this truth as follows in his article entitled “Are The Non-Functional Organs Evidences For Evolution?” in the magazine of Evolutionary Theory:

“The more we learnt about biology, the narrower the list of non-functional organs became... Due to the fact that proving an organ to be non-functional is not possible and the claim of non-functional organs does not have scientific qualities, I conclude that non-functional organs do not serve as any proof in favor of evolutionary theory.”

The list of non-functional human organs put forward in 1895 by R. Wiedersheim, a German Anatomist, included some 100 organs like appendicitis, coccyx bone. 

Nevertheless, it was understood that all of the organs in Wiedersheim’s list had functions of great importance in the body as science advanced.

To illustrate, the appendix assumed to be a non-functional organ was explored to be the part of lymphatic system fighting against germs entering the body.This fact is mentioned as follows in a medical source dated 1997:

The other organs like thymus, liver, spleen, appendix, bone marrow in the body are parts of lymphatic system.These too help the body tackle infections.”

The tonsils in the same “non-functional organs” list were discovered to play an important role in protecting the throat against infections, especially up to the ages of adolescence.

It was understood that the coccyx, which forms the bottom of spinal cord, provides support for the bones around pelvis and is the point of holding for some small muscles.

Afterwards, it became evident that the thymus gland activates body’s defensive system by activating T-cells; the pineal gland is responsible for producing important hormones; the thyroid gland provides a balanced growth for babies and children; the pituitary gland controls many hormone glands’ operating properly.

The half-moon-shaped piece in the eye defined as non-functional organ by Darwin was understood to work for cleaning and moisturizing the eye.

There was, also, a very important mistake the evolutionists made on the claim of  non-functional organs.As we know, the claim brought on the agenda by the evolutionists was that non-functional organs of animate beings were passed down on by their ancestors of the past.

However, some organs said to be non-functional are missing in animate beings claimed to be the ancestors of human beings.

For example, some monkeys said to be the ancestors of human by the evolutionists do not have appendices.

Biologist H. Enoch, who rejects the thesis of non-functional organs, expresses this logical mistake as follows:

“Humans have appendices. However, sub-monkeys, his earlier ancestors, do not have appendices. Surprisingly, appendix emerges again in more sub-structured mammals, for instance, in opossums. So, how can the evolutionary theory explain this?

In short, the scenario of non-functional organs claimed by the evolutionists both contains logical mistakes in it and is scientifically false.

In humans, there exsist no non-functional organs left as heritage by his so-called ancestors. For, humans have not derived from other animate beings by chance; they have been created flawlessly and perfectly in their present form.

References:

1. S. R. Scadding, "Do 'Vestigial Organs' Provide Evidence for Evolution?", Evolutionary Theory, Cilt Volume 5, Mayıs May 1981, s. p. 173.
2. The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home edition, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc. The Merck Publishing Group, Rahway, 1997.
3. H. Enoch, Creation and Evolution, New York: 1966, s. p. 18-19.

The genetic structure of cells does not generally change. However, the food that is taken, the inner or external environment might cause some reactions that pressure or delays the effect mechanisms of genes or that change the direction of the effect. In that case, the effect of the gene becomes apparent in different ways.  

However, the important point that should not be overlooked here is that no deed or reaction is aimless or takes place randomly.

In the past, science said that brain cells did not change at all; today, it says that they change, at least the effect mechanisms in its genetic structure change. No matter if the brain cell or the effect of the genetic structure changes, all of these changes are the works of the endless knowledge, will and power. 

Let me tell you something more than it: There are about one hundred trillion cells in human body.

All cells except brain cells always change. Five million white blood cells die every second and new ones are created. Cells are renewed and increase in number up to a certain age. If this change did not take place, man would remain as he was born. 

The cells of not only human beings but also all living beings, that is to say, animals and plants, always change and are renewed. The being that places these cells into their proper places, that sends the calcium that needs to go to the bone to the bone, not to the eye, is Allah, who is the owner of everything and who administrates the whole universe with His endless knowledge, will and power. They do not take place as a result of coincidental and random incidents as atheists claim.  

The issue on which those who defend creation and evolutionists cannot agree is the claim of the evolutionists that one living thing comes into being out of another living thing coincidentally. Otherwise, the changes that take place as a result of Allah’s knowledge and will take place all over the universe. Nothing is fixed. Living things change; similarly non-living realm always changes. When the world was first created, it was not like that. It changed in various eras with Allah’s knowledge, will and power; it is still changing; rocks turn into soil and soil nurtures plants.

Every living thing is born, grows up, from one shape to another based on the laws of development and change; after the period of youth, they get old and die.   

They are all formed by Allah’s endless knowledge, will and power. Changing of brain cells or remaining the same are also subject to the same laws. Even when the brain cells do not change, they are active and functioning. How can the feeding and respiration of the cells, decomposition and combination of food be overlooked?   

No matter if the cell changes or remains the same during the whole life of that living thing, three thousand different reactions happen in a cell every second. All of these activities have to be attributed to Allah, who has endless knowledge, will and power. They cannot be attributed to deaf nature, blind force or to some words and phrases like evolution, which is defined differently by everybody based on their own understanding, by any means. 

Each incident that takes place in the cell happens in accordance with thousands of probabilities; the state of an enzyme or reaction after several phases is taken into account; no trace of confusion is seen in any cell; every act is fulfilled by considering the finest details. They cannot be done by a being that does not have endless knowledge, will and power.

The genetic structure of living things does not always show its effect fully due to the pressure of the environment. For instance, the incident of cancer seen in cells appears due to the different orientation of the genetic structure. Very few of them can also be transferred to the young. However, the basic structure of that living thing does not change. A man remains a man and a chicken remains a chicken.  

Even if a human being comes out of a monkey or a monkey comes out of a human being, it cannot be accepted as scientific evidence that living things come out of one another. If the same result is obtained at each trial of an incident, it can be accepted as a beginning of a chain only then.

Otherwise, to reach a conclusion acting upon some assumptions is not a scientific act but an ideological approach.

Prof. Dr. Âdem Tatlı

What is meant by evolution here is very important. A lot of things in the universe are not constant. Everything undergoes change. If what is meant by evolution is the transformation of a species into another, it has no scientific basis.

If change is meant by it, it is not evolution but development. The changes that take place in a species through useful mutations are not evolution but planned, flexible creation. A living being can change to the extent that its genetic structure allows. It cannot transform into another species. A virus is still a virus and a bacterium is still a bacterium.

Homo sapiens is the Latin name of today’s human beings. It has been proven that the evidences claimed to be human fossils do not belong to human beings. That is, the first man did not evolve from beings of lower structures; he was created directly from dust (soil).

The Creation of the First Man

1. The Creation of Hz. Adam from Dust

We see that man’s stages of creation are stated in detail in the Quran. We can list those verses as follows:

“Among His Signs in this, that He created you from dust; and then,- behold, ye are men scattered (far and wide).”(1)

“He created you from clay,...”(2)

“Man We did create from a quintessence (of clay).”(3)

“Them have We created out of a sticky clay.”(4)

“We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape.”(5)

“He created man from sounding clay like unto pottery.”(6)

As it is seen, the stages of man’s creation are stated in those verses. Accordingly, the creation of man started with dust continued with clay and quintessence of clay and finally had a hard structure like pottery.   

It is clear that what is narrated through those stages is the creation of the first man. This view is supported when it is mentioned after some of those verses that the angels were asked to prostrate before Adam after this creation.(7)

The higher level of creation expressed by the word “ja’ala”mentionedin verse 32 of the chapter of al-Baqara is clear in the verses listed above. The creation that started at the level of dust did not remain in the level of plants and animals. It was elevated directly to the level of human beings.

Is there no elevation like that in today’s creation? The formation of man starts with one cell in the womb. A baby who is created from one cell is equipped with organs and feelings; is it a small elevation? From one cell, it is elevated to a sane person who is conscious, who thinks, knows and dreams. Can there be a post higher than that?

That it is stated in the first verse after it is expressed that man was created from dust that men were scattered on earth indicates that various races that spread to different regions of the world came from the descent of Hz. Adam. As a matter of fact, the following is stated in a hadith: “Hz. Adam was created from a lump of dust taken from various regions of the world; therefore, sons of Adam have different colors.” (8)

2. The Creation of Hz. Adam’s Wife

“It is He Who created you from a single person, and made his mate of like nature.”(9)

In the verse above, Allah addresses human beings and tells them that He created them from a single person. Tafsir scholars state that this person is Hz. Adam and that his mate created from this person is Hz. Hawwa (Eve).

The verses and hadiths related to the creation of Hz. Adam expresses this meaning; the statements in the Torah support the interpretations of tafsir scholars.

The phrase “wa khalaqa minha zawjaha” (He created his mate from him) is generally interpreted as follows: “He created Hz. Hawwa from Hz. Adam’s left rib."

However, some tafsir scholars interpreted it as He created his wife “min jinsiha” (from Adam’s species).  That is, He created you from Hz. Adam and created Hz Hawwa from Hz. Adam (according to the general acceptance) or from Hz. Adam’s species (according to some tafsir scholars).

Thus, according to both interpretations, it is stated that human beings were created from one person (Hz. Adam).

“And your creation or your resurrection is in no wise but as an individual soul.”(10)

It is clear that “individual soul (nafs wahida)” mentioned in the verse above means a single person; similarly, it is also clear that “a single person” mentioned in verse 189 of the chapter of al-Araf means the same thing. 

“The similitude of Jesus before Allah is as that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him: "Be". And he was.”(11)

As the verse above indicates, this person is Hz. Adam.

In a similar verse in the chapter of an-Nisa, the verse continues as follows: "and from them (the two people) twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women.” (12) The phrase from them (the two people) mentioned in the verse proves that they are these two people (Hz. Adam and Hz. Hawwa).

3. The Creation of Human Generation from Hz. Adam and Hz. Hawwa

“He began the creation of man with (nothing more than) clay, And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised.”(13)

In those verses, Allah Almighty attracts attention to the creation of today’s men. He attracts attention to the difference between the creation of the first man and that of the others. It is clear that what is meant “man” in this verse is “Adam” and by “naslahu”(his generation) is the other “people”.

That Iblis, who was created from fire, avoided prostrating before Adam despite Allah’s order “Prostrate before Adam!” by saying “Shall I bow down to one whom Thou didst create from clay?”(14) is a clear evidence that the person created from clay is Hz. Adam.

Allah Almighty states different creations as follows:

“He is Well-versed in every kind of creation.”(15)

As he created before the father of Jinn from the fire of a scorching wind (16), He created the first man with clay, and made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised.(17)

The verses clearly explain the creation of the first man, his wife and today’s human beings, who came from them. Listen to and obey the Quran, which is the word of Allah.

Footnotes:

(1) ar-Rum, 20.
(2) al-An’am, 2.
(3) al-Mu’minun, 12.
(4) as-Saffat, 11.
(5) al-Hijr, 26.
(6) ar-Rahman , 14.
(7) al-Hijr, 28-29 and similar verses
(8) see Muslim, II, 261; Tirmidhi, IV, 67-68; Abu Dawud, 4693; Ahmad, IV, 400.
(9) al-A’raf , 189.
(10) Luqman , 28.
(11) Aal-i Imran, 59.
(12) an-Nisa, 1.
(13) as-Sajda, 7-8.
(14) al-Isra, 61.
(15) Yasin, 79.
(16) al-Hijr, 27.
(17) as-Sajda, 7-8.

Yes. The basis of this theory claims that living beings formed on their own, not by the creation of Allah.

It is possible to categorize the principles that the philosophy of evolution are based on under four headings:

1. Gradualism (gradual development): The incidents of evolution took place in a very long period of time and step by step.

2. A species came out of another species, or a being from another being.

3. All of the beings living today occurred as a result of the differentiation of a single cell. That is, multicellular invertebrates came out of one single cell; then fish came out of multicellular invertebrates; after that, frogs came out of fish, reptiles out of frogs, birds and mammals out of reptiles; finally, human beings came out of monkeys.

4. All of those incidents happened by chance (coincidentally) and on their own.

First of all, the verses mentioning the phases of the creation of man out of dust seem to be contrary to the theory of evolution. We see that the phases of the creation of man are explained in detail in the Quran though the phases of the creation of other beings are not explained in detail. We can list those verses as follows:

“Among His Signs in this, that He created you from dust; and then,- behold, ye are men scattered (far and wide).” (ar-Rum, 30: 20)

“He it is created you from clay...” (al-An’am, 6:2)

“Man We did create from a quintessence (of clay).” (al-Mu’minun, 23:12)

“…Them have We created out of a sticky clay.” (as-Saaffat, 37:11)

“We created man from sounding clay, from mud molded into shape.” (al-Hijr, 15:26)

“He created man from sounding clay like unto pottery.” (ar-Rahman, 55:14)

As it is seen, the stages of the creation of man are explained in detail in those verses. Accordingly, the creation of man started with dust continued with clay and quintessence of clay and finally had a hard structure like pottery. It is clear that what is narrated through those stages is the creation of the first man. As a matter of fact, this view is supported when it is mentioned after some of those verses that the angels were asked to prostrate before Adam after this creation.

That it is stated in the first verse after it is expressed that man was created from dust that men were scattered on earth indicates that various races that spread to different regions of the world came from the descent of Hz. Adam. As a matter of fact, the following is stated in a hadith: “Adam was created from a lump of dust taken from various regions of the world; therefore, sons of Adam have different colors.” (see Abu Dawud, Sunnah, 16; Tirmidhi, Tafsir, 2/1; Musnad, IV, 400, 406)

Since the plural pronouns are used in those verses (“He created you (plural) from dust”), those who defend evolution have interpreted it as the creation of all human beings, not Hz. Adam only.

However, what is meant by the statement “He created you from dust” is the creation of Hz. Adam from dust. For, when Adam is created from dust, other human beings are naturally regarded to have been created from dust. Therefore, the word “you” in the statement “He created you from dust” means “your father Adam”. Such a style, that is, addressing people as if addressing their ancestors or mentioning the bounties given to their ancestors as given to them is something that is often seen in the Quran. For instance, what is meant by “you” in the verses below “O Children of Israel! Call to mind the special favor which I bestowed upon you …” (al-Baqara, 2: 40, 47, 122) , “We, when the water (of Noah´s Flood) overflowed beyond its limits, carried you (mankind), in the floating (Ark),” (al-Haaqqa, 69: 11) is actually the ancestors of the people living in that period. What was done for their ancestors are narrated as if they were done for them.

In fact, the other human beings are also dust in terms of origin because they feed on plants and animals. The animals we eat feed on plants. Plants receive their nutrition from the ground (dust). 

Therefore, we are created from dust indirectly like the other living beings on earth. The statement “Everything on earth is earth” indicates this fact.

However, there is an important point that should be kept in mind here. If the word dust (turab) only had been used in the verses related to the creation of man, it could have been considered as a second possibility that not only the Prophet Adam but also all human beings were created from dust. However, as we have seen in the verses above, when the creation of man is explained, not only dust but also mud, drained mud, sticky mud, hardened mud are used.

Therefore, it is clear that the creation of Adam, the first human being, from dust is explained in detail in those verses. What is explained in the other divine books and many sound narrations also support this view.

Mention of the various stages of dust (soil) in those verses is contrary to the understanding of evolution, the understanding stating that man was evolved from ape-like beings, not from dust directly; therefore, those stages (mud, hardened mud, etc.) were tried to be interpreted with strained interpretations. (For examples, see İslamoğlu, 2016, 135 ff)

“…He began the creation of man with (nothing more than) clay, And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised.” (as-Sajda, 32:7-8) The difference between the creation of the first man and that of the others is mentioned in the verse above.  It is clear that what is meant by “man” in this verse is “Adam” and by “naslahu” (his generation) is the other “people.

When Allah ordered, “Bow down unto Adam”, Iblis said, “Shall I bow down to one whom Thou didst create from clay?” (al-Isra, 17:61) and avoided prostrating; this is clear evidence that Hz. Adam was created directly from clay, that he was despised by Iblis because of this and that the person who was created from clay was Hz. Adam.  

“It is He Who created you from a single person, and made his mate of like nature…” (al-A’raf, 7:189) In the verse above, Allah addresses human beings and tells them that He created them from a single person (nafs wahidah).

All tafsir scholars state that this person is Hz. Adam and that his mate created from him is Hz. Hawwa (Eve). The verses and hadiths related to the creation of Hz. Adam express this meaning; the statements in the Torah support the interpretations of tafsir scholars.

That is the meaning of the verse, but the word “nafs” is used in some translations and it is sometimes translated as “He Who created you from a single nafs” and sometimes as “He Who created you from a single essence”; thus, words like essence and ore are used to translate the word nafs.

In that case, the meaning of the verse becomes ambiguous and it is not clearly understood what is meant by nafs, essence or ore.

In that case, the meaning of the verse is as follows: “It is He Who created you from a single essence, and made its mate of like nature”; in this translation, Hz. Adam is not mentioned and something like “the mate of essence” is understood; mentioning “mate” becomes meaningless. In our opinion, it is clear that what is meant by nafs wahidah is “a single person”.

Similarly, it is not coherent to interpret this word (nafs) as “species” (for such interpretations, see Mustafa Öztürk, Kur’an ve Yaratılış, 2016, p. 161 ff). For, in that case, the meaning of the verse is as follows: “It is He Who created you from a species, and made its mate of like nature.” Thus, the meaning of the verse becomes ambiguous. In that case, since the verse starts with the phrase “We created you” the phrase that follows should have been “azwajakum/your mates”, not “zawjaha/its mate”.

Therefore, as we have mentioned above, the meaning of the verse is “It is He Who created you from a single person, and made his mate of like nature.”

“And your creation or your resurrection is in no wise but as an individual soul…” (Luqman, 31: 28) As a matter of fact, it is clear that individual soul (nafs wahida) mentioned in the verse above means “a single person”. And that single person is Adam, who is the first man.  

A similar verse in the chapter of an-Nisa continues as follows: “…and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women…” (an-Nisa, 4:1) It proves that the two people mentioned in the verse are Adam and Hawwa and that they are the parents of all human beings.

“The similitude of Jesus before Allah is as that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him: "Be". And he was” (Aal-i Imran, 3:59) This verse is one of the clearest and most important evidences that Hz. Adam is the first man and that he was created directly from dust. For, in this verse, Allah addresses Jews, who do not believe that Hz. Isa (Jesus) came into the world without a father and who claim that something like that is impossible, and Christians, who deify Hz. Isa since he came into the world without a father and claim that he is the son of Allah, and tells them that the creation of Hz. Isa is like that of Adam, mentioning a more interesting example of creation. That is, if you cannot understand it, the creation of Adam is much more interesting: Allah created him without a mother and father, directly from dust; He said to him: "Be". And he was.   

Adam was created without a father from dust and became a living human being as a result of Allah’s order kun (be); similarly, Allah, who created him without a father and mother, created Isa without a father. 

Thus, this verse explains the miraculous creation of Isa without a father by a more miraculous creation, that is, the creation of Adam from dust without a mother and a father; in addition, it states that the creation of Hz. Adam is miraculous like the creation of Hz. Isa and that he was created directly from dust. 

“…I make for you out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, and breathe into it, and it becomes a bird by Allah´s leave...” (Aal-i Imran, 3: 49) This verse narrates how Allah gives life to a piece of mud in the shape of a bird through Hz. Isa’s hands and shows how easy and quick it is.

Thus, clues are given about how creatures were created. Besides, it is clearly understood that there is no need for millions of years to pass (contrary to the claims of evolutionist) for the piece of mud to transform into a bird and for Adam to transform from mud into a human being.

“And He taught Adam the names of all things…” (al-Baqara, 2:31), “(Allah) Most Gracious! It is He Who has taught the Qur´an. He has created man: He has taught him speech (and intelligence).” (ar-Rahman, 55:1-4) These verses show that first man was created with the ability to speak like us. Similarly, That Hz. Isa started to talk by saying, “I am a slave of Allah...” upon the sign of his mother when he was a baby in swaddling clothes shows that Adam could speak after his creation was completed. There is no need to wait for a long time to speak.

“We have honored the sons of Adam...” (al-Isra, 17:70), “We have indeed created man in the best of molds” (at-Tin, 95 4) These verses state that man is an honorable and valuable being; they show that man was not created from other species, but as an independent being in a different way, and that it has no relation with animals like apes.  

As a matter of fact, the expression “despised and rejected” used for a group of people from Sons of Israel who insisted on opposing Allah’s orders in the verse “Be ye apes, despised and rejected!” (al-A’raf, 7:166) shows that apes are lower creatures than humans in the eye of Allah. Since it is very easy for Allah to create man separately, it is unthinkable for Him to make human beings relatives of apes or similar beings.

“He Who has made everything which He has created most good…” (as-Sajda, 32:7) “…the artistry of Allah, who disposes of all things in perfect order…” (an-Naml, 27:88), “…No want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious…” (al-Mulk, 67:3) It is stated in these verses that the beings and living beings in the universe were created in the best way and perfectly.

This is clear evidence against the theory of evolution because, according to this theory, the organs of living beings developed gradually and adapted to the environment. That is, there is no perfect living but there are constantly changing and evolving creatures. In fact, every being and living thing is perfect. Even the living beings regarded as primitive and simple are perfect and flawless. As a matter of fact, as all Islamic scholars state, “لیس فی الإمکان أبدع مما کان” that is “there is nothing more perfect than what exists within the boundaries of possibilities.” That is beings were created in the best way. Something more perfect cannot be put forward. Man cannot say, “it would be better if it were like this or that” for any being. What he sees as imperfect is actually his own viewpoint. 

In conclusion, we can say that there is no expression that supports evolution in the verses of the Qur'an; on the contrary, some verses indicate that species were created independently and it is clearly stated in some verses that Adam, the first man, was created from dust.

Those who put forward opposite views have no clear evidence; what they put forward as evidence is nothing but interpretations and distortions based on their own opinions. In other words, they are subject to their conjectures only.

It is not a scientific approach to be subject to conjectures. As it is stated in the following verse, “…Conjecture avails nothing against Truth” (an-Najm, 53:28)

The Prophet Adam had the color, race and body characteristics of all humanity to come into being up to the Day of Judgment. It is necessary to know the genetic structure of man to understand it. In fact, the encoding of genetic structure into chromosomes and its transfer from mother and father to their offspring occur within the framework of the same laws in plants, animals and humans.

As it is known, the genetic structure of all living beings is located in large molecules called chromosomes, except for a few living beings. Each chromosome consists of two DNA molecules. Proteins, bases, sugars and phosphates constitute the structure of DNA molecules. They are based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur atoms. Amino acids constitute the structure of proteins. The smallest protein molecule consists of about three hundred amino acids.

The genetic characteristics of living beings are encoded in DNA molecules and gene regions. Every living being has a different chromosome number. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes. 23 of them come from the mother and 23 of them come from the father. All the characteristics possessed by human beings are encoded in the DNA that constitutes the structure of those chromosomes.

- How can it possible? How is the information of all people loaded onto 46 chromosomes?

Some technological structures and applications that have emerged recently make it easy to understand such issues. For example, information from thousands of volumes can be loaded onto a device called a flash disk. It is not possible to see that information, which is encoded in a very small area, with the naked eye from the outside. However, it can be read when it is placed in a computer. Likewise, all genetic characteristics of the fig are encoded into the fig seed. The area allocated to genetic structure in that seed is very small. Nutrients are stored in a great part of the fig seed.

There are 46 chromosomes in a normal body cell in man, but the number of chromosomes in the sperm cell from the father is reduced to half, that is, to 23. The number of chromosomes in the egg cell from the mother, the chromosome number is also reduced to half. A single cell with 46 chromosomes is formed when they unite. Man begins life with that single cell. That cell reproduces by dividing in two each time. Gradually, those cells differentiate to function in the tissues and organs in which they will operate. However, the number of chromosomes always remains the same: 46.

It is known that there are approximately twenty to twenty-five thousand gene regions in man. Each gene controls one and sometimes more than one characteristic. A change in the position of an atom in one of those 25,000 genes, for example the change of hydrogen and oxygen in the structure of a gene, causes a different characteristic to occur. The change of a hydrogen in an amino acid branch in a protein in the structure of the gene produces a different structure.

Therefore, such different combinations, i.e., different and various possibilities, cause the formation of billions of characteristics. Some argue that the genetic information found in human chromosomes can barely fit into an encyclopedia covering an area of ​​100 square meters from the ground to the moon. What should be understood from it is that there is a lot of information stored in human chromosomes.

The information recorded on the chromosomes in the Prophet Adam’s genetic structure can contain the genetic information of not only the people to come from Adam to the Day of Judgment but also billions of times more people. There is nothing in it that contradicts reason, science and logic. For example, in your eyes, there are the eye characteristics of the people to come into being from you up to the Day of Judgment. Everyone accepts it. The same thing holds true for the people before you. That is, there were the basic eye characteristics of the people to come up to the Day of Judgment in the Prophet Adam’s eyes.

It is necessary to know the following at this point: All of the genetic characteristics of humanity are considered as a gene pool. There is a combination of marriages and various characteristics in that gene pool. That is, a different variation of the two characteristics of any structure present in the mother and father may arise. There is enough space in the chromosomes for all those differences to be recorded.

In conclusion, there is an area where thousands of volumes of information can be recorded in a person’s DNA, i.e., in his chromosomes. Thus, the chromosomes of Adam, who was the first human being, were capable of containing the genetic characteristics of the people to come up to the Day of Judgment. God Almighty created him and his descendants like that.

Not all characteristics there have to be exactly the same. There are some variations, i.e., minor changes, among the main characteristics. When two characteristics come together, a structure in the middle of those two characteristics can be formed. The place to record all those differences and changes always exists in the chromosomes.

Allah is able to place the genetic information of all humanity in a small place like the tip of a pin. Man’s having difficulty in understanding it is due to the fact that he compares it to his own soul. The soul opposes as follows: “I cannot do it. So, how does a creator do it?”

However, if the soul looks at the issue from Allah’s point of view, not from its own point of view, there will be no problem because there is no difference between creating an atom and creating the whole universe for Allah. In fact, if God Almighty were to create infinite times more universes, including Paradise and Hell, He would spend as much force as He did to create an atom. There is no difference between a lot and a little, and big and small for Him. The manifestation of His names and attributes is endless. When He wants something to happen, He only wills and commands; that is all. It does not matter whether what He wills is an atom or the infinite universe...

PERFECTION IN A PERIOD OF TIME

The biggest dilemma of the evolutionists is the process problem. According to them; each living creature become perfect as time goes by. In other words, living creatures evolve from their very simple forms to their sophisticated structures.

Now here is what I want to ask them:

How could the fact that it is necessary for a living creature to have a faultless system in order to survive be ignored?

Let me clarify what I meant by this question.

For example, think about a spacecraft. It has thousands of ultra tech pieces in its structure. Let us assume one of its screw is loosened, one of its cable is broken or forgotten to be mounted and this has made all its system invalid in space. Indeed, a similar example happened after the launch of the Hubble telescope to space. Engineers made a mistake in calculating the angle of the mirror and this made all the system functionless. After millions of dollars of additional expenses, a new team was sent to space. So finally, they were able to fix it. One can easily observe that even the misplacing of a single piece of the system can cause the whole system to be inoperative.

Like the example above, all of the systems of a cell, which is the building block of living creatures, have to be present at the same moment so that there would be life in that cell. In other words, for a cell to be alive, all its units should be complete and exact at the very first moment. Even when one building block of the Hubble telescope is missing, it does not work, how is it possible that a much more complex cell forcing limits of science by containing bodies such as DNA, RNA, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria could work with missing systems?

As a more astonishing example, let us take a look at the improvement process of human in the uterus. Until the human embryo reaches the perfection to live independently its birth time, it has to be fed by an outside support from its mother’s placenta and of the needs of its cells have to be met. As evolutionists claim, if we put a human embryo in a forest, could it develop as a baby? İn other words, without grabbing the wall of the womb and without being fed by its mother, is it possible foran embryo to finish his development process on its own in a forest?

As another example, let us have a look at the countless hormones which are in the structures of organs like liver and pancreas. If, at the beginning, one or few of these hormones are missing, life does not continue. As life does not continue, how will the process of adaptation to environment work? Likewise, for example if 10.000 years is needed for the formation of the valve of the pharynx which separates air and liquid and guide them to lung and stomach consequently, how can that animal live during that 10.000 years? For, if this pharynx valve does not exist or work properly water will fill up his lung and end his life.

For example, how could it be possible that a predator eagle’s talons are continuing to develop and the eagle cannot grip its hunt for thousand years, that the venom of a snake cannot yet poison its prey, that a spider cannot spin a web, that a shark’s broken tooth is not replaced by new one, that a baby dolphin does not know how to swim just after its mother has given birth, that a baby gazelle cannot learn how to hide itself, that a cat does not have its maternal instincts, that the equilibrium center of the inner ear is not functional, that the sense of smell cannot detect harmful external factors for life for thousands years. In short, how can it be possible that all living beings live for thousands of years as prototypes with missing or undeveloped organs? Is it a scientific approach to accept such an impossibility?

Those examples can be increased. From histology to endocrinology, from urology to cardiology, it is possible to exemplify each line of billions of pages of medicine books like this. As it is seen, in the world of living creatures, life cannot continue with missing or undeveloped building blocks. Therefore, the claim of evolutionists that organs have completed their improvements in the long period of time does not match with the reality.

Another paradox in the claims of evolutionists is the environment delusion. From atom to cell, the basic issue their theory is based on is that the living creatures gained their perfection within the environment itself. For example, according to them, a bird became perfect within its environment. However, a bird has to have a perfect aerodynamic system with its wings in order to enter into its environment, which is “air”. If it does not enter air, how can it adapt itself to that specific environment? In other words, the bird must be perfect with all its organs to enter its environment. However, according to evolutionists, living creatures are becoming perfect as they entering into their environment. That is a real paradox.

Here is another paradox. For example, an eye should exist in order to recognize light, which is its environment and according to the view of evolutionists, it should adapt itself to it. However, if the eye is not yet present in its environment, how could it adapt itself to light?

Another paradox; how can a leech would know the coagulation factor of a living creature whose blood it sucks without being present in the environment? How can it arrange itself as such an environment is not present?

So, what happens in the realm of living creatures do not improve randomly or by coincidence from its simple form to its sophisticated structure as evolutionists claim. All limbs needed by a living creature are given to it and handled with the order and control of an exceptional Personality, who has limitless knowledge, will and power.

“For example, if the stones of the dome of Hagia Sophia are not dependent on the command and skill of its architect, all the stones must have skill in the art of building like that of the architect Sinan, and must be either subject to, or dominant over, the rest of the stones. That is, they must have the power to say: “Come, we shall stand shoulder to shoulder in order not to fall and collapse. In the same way, if the particles in creatures, which are thousands of times more skilfully fashioned, wonderful, and full of wisdom than the dome of Hagia Sophia, are not dependent on the command of the master builder of the universe, to each of them must the ascribed as many attributes of perfection as those of the universe’s Maker.”¹

In architecture, in structures like dome and cove, there are units named keystones which support the whole building. In a dome, if we assume that stones are not assembled with cement, the whole dome will collapse. Here, there is an important point of our main subject for the ones who do not accept the scaffold and engineer: if the stones are not together all at the same time, they cannot constitute a dome.

For a cell to have a life, its mitochondria needs to have an excellent function. According to the approach of evolutionists, billions of years of adaptation is necessary for the mitochondria to have a certain function. However, the cell will not be able to survive as its mitochondria is not perfect. How can a non-living entity can adapt or evolve? In other words, the obligation that “all stones in the dome should be perfect at the same moment” refutes all those process theories that “every living creature becomes perfect as time goes by” claimed by evolutionists.

1 Nursi, B. S. Sözler. Envar Neşriyat, Istanbul,1997, p. 554.

Gökhan DİLER

This question of Kenneth’s originates from not being aware of the difference between the philosophical approach of evolutionists and the philosophical thought of creationists about the formation of the creatures in the universe.

According to evolutionists, everything in the universe occurred by coincidences and has a very complicated structure. Living beings formed from one another in a chain. Therefore, they claim that the anatomic, physiologic and biochemical similarities of living beings is an evidence that they came from one another. They claim that the structures, formations and similarities whose wisdom and meaning they do not know and understand in their studies are a result of coincidences and randomness.

According to the view of the creationists, everything, from atom to galaxies, is a work of Allah. At every single moment, Allah is creating plants, animals and humans from a single cell. In the past, He created the ancestors of each of those living beings from a single cell representing their genetic structures too. Allah’s knowledge, power and will are endless and eternal. Therefore, Allah did and can create each kind of living beings at any shape and style He wishes. Therefore, the similarities in the body, shape and function of all living beings are not an evidence that they have originated from one another in a chain but they are a very strong evidence that the creator of all living beings is the same.

The whole universe is like a book consisting of 114 letters.

That thousands or even millions of English books in a library consist of only 26 letters shows that they are all works of man who has knowledge, will and power. The similarities among those books in terms of letters cannot be interpreted that they have originated from one another.  Living beings also consist of 114 letters; similarly, this book of universe consist of 114 elements together with their isotopes; it was written by Allah. Each spring season is like a page of this universe book. Plants, animals and humans are also written from the same elements, in other words, the same letters in that page.

The topic and duty of sciences is to analyze that book of universe and to try to understand the function of the beings written in that book. For example, man is written in that book like a word. The sciences of biology, medicine, sociology, psychology and biochemistry considering man as their topic and try to understand the secrets of his creation.

The tooth of man is only a piece of bone in terms of appearance. However, hundreds of scientists started from assistantship and made a lot of study on that tooth and became professors for decades but not all secrets of the creation of a tooth have been discovered yet. Therefore, human tooth will probably continue to make thousands of people professors for hundreds of more years.

On the other hand, the brain and DNA structures of man are much more fantastic and miraculous masterpieces. Even if thousands scientists investigated them for hundreds of years, the secrets of their creation would not be understood. What is known about those structures today is probably not even ten percent of them.

So, to ask creationists to find out and to show the subtleties of the duty and structure of any human organ means to show an ideological attitude in the name of irreligiousness by ignoring all of those facts and scientific working methods.

Two answers to Kenneth’s question

Creationists will have two answers to Kenneth’s question. The first one is that this similarity in human DNA definitely proves that the creator of those living beings is the same. The other is that if there is an organ whose duty is not known, it is obvious that scientists will research and find it. As the research on living beings will go until Doomsday, the existence of a lot of bodies whose duty and structure are not known is normal. Those researchers might or might not believe in a creator.

The view put forward by Kenneth is not scientific information

The reader wants a scientific answer to be given to Kenneth’s question. The claim put forward by Kenneth is not scientific information, but a philosophical consideration. He makes an analogy by matching the difference he sees in the structure of a human chromosome with the one in the monkey, repeating the claim that both of them come from the same ancestor. A creationist regards the same similarity in the structure of those chromosomes as an evidence that their creator is the same. Kenneth’s view is not based on science but on the atheistic thought of the positivist philosophy.

How the religion of Islam views scientific studies

If Kenneth asks, “How does the religion of Islam view this research on DNA?”, we will say that Islam encourages people to do scientific research.

Islam regards one hour of reflection, meditation and reasoning on created beings superior to one year of supererogatory prayer!

The Quran refer people to the mind by saying, “Do you not understand?” (al-Baqara 2/76). “Will you not understand?” (al-Baqara 2/44). It encourages people to think wisely. “None will grasp the Message except men of understanding.” (Aal-i Imran 3/7)

Allah also advises us to ask our knowledge to be increased:

“O my Lord! Advance me in knowledge!” (Ta-Ha 20/114)

Attention is attracted to the fact that people with knowledge are not same as people without having knowledge:

“Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know?” (az-Zumar 39/9)

“We show the Signs plainly to you, that ye may learn wisdom.” (al-Hadid 57/17)

We are asked to ask, research and learn something that we do not know:

“If ye realize this not, ask of those who possess the Message.” (an-Nahl 16/43)

All laboratory works are based on asking and investigating the unknown things. To refer to books means to ask the people who wrote them and learn about them.

Hadiths also encourage science:

‘The one who sets off to learn is in Allah’s way until he returns.’ (Tirmidhi Ilm 2, 2649; Ibn Majah, Muqaddima 17:227)

‘If a person wants to gain knowledge, it will be atonement for his sins in the past.’ (Tirmidhi Ilm 2, 2650)

‘Word of wisdom are the lost property of the believer. He has the right to take it wherever he finds it.’ (Tirmidhi Ilm 19, 2688)

“The decrease of knowledge and increase of ignorance” is stated as the end of the world!’ (Bukhari, Kitabul-Ilm, 71-72)

In Islam the ink of a scholars is regarded to be superior to the blood of martyr.’

The ones who believe in a single creator and the religion of Islam encourage all kinds of scientific study and regard all beings in the universe as Allah’s works. What is known about the beings in the universe is not even ten percent compared to what is not known. Therefore, to ask creationists to find out the answer about the purpose of an organ or any object whose duty, structure and function are unknown  is completely an ideological attitude based on irreligiousness.

Creationists accept that the duty and nature of the beings in the universe can be exposed by scientific studies and the scientists to do it can be believers or those who do not believe in a creator; they regard the whole universe as a book of Allah and name it as “the book of universe” written by Allah!

Java Man and Peking Man have nothing to do with the history of man. The claim included in a website by Ralph Von Koenigswald and Franz Weidenrich in 1939 that those fossils belonged to humans is true. There is a mistake about the year. Java man was introduced by Dubois in 1891. Dubois, Ralph Von Koenigswald and Franz Weidenrich are people who believe that human beings come from apes and they try to prove it.

Therefore, they presented those fossils as the ancestors of man. The creationist site you mention included this claim; the website does not say that those fossils are man’s ancestors.

Atheistic evolutionists, not creationists, skew fossils. All of the fossils presented by Dubois as Java Man (Pithecantropus erectus) include one big and one small molar tooth, a half skull and a thigh bone. When Dubois claimed that the fossils he had belonged to Java Man at the International Congress of Zoology in 1895, British zoologists stated that those fossils belonged to man, the Germans stated that they belonged to human-like apes, and the French stated that they belonged to a transition form between an advanced form of ape and man.

All of the fossils that exist include one or two molar teeth and a half skull. No statement like “it belongs to man” or “it belongs to a being similar to man” is written on a fossil. Everybody makes an evaluation according to their own beliefs, thoughts, cultures and values. As a matter of fact, different countries evaluated the same fossils differently.

Dubois himself, who presented Java Man as the ancestor of man, admitted thirty years later that this being was actually a big gibbon monkey. (Howells, W. Mankind in the Making. Doubleday and Co. Garden City. N.Y.P. 1967. P.579-581)

The explanation of Dubois was included in the Encyclopedia of Archeology. The following statement was included in the encyclopedia: 

“At first, there was much opposition to the status implied by the name the ape-man, ‘who walked erect’, but it became generally accepted though Dubois himself finally changed his mind and said that the fossils he found belonged to a giant ape, but this skull gained general acceptance.” (Cottrell, L. The Concise Encyclopedia Archeology. Hawthorn. New York. 1960. P.394)

Koenigswald is of the opinion that the big molar teeth of Java Man belongs to an orangutan and the small one to a human. He states that the skull is similar to that of chimpanzees and gibbons. (Boule, M. and Valois, H.M: Fossil Man. The Dryden Press. New York)

What should we say about Java Man after the evaluations above? This has nothing to do with the history of man. The molar teeth and the thigh bone belong to different living beings and they were deliberately presented as the ancestor of man. However,  this being is still presented as the common ancestor of man and the ape in both secondary school and university books.

Now it is understood who skewed the issue and who introduced it as the ancestor of man by combining the pieces of different living beings.

As for Peking Man, he was introduced as the ancestor of man in 1921 by combining a skull and teeth. The fossils claimed to be Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinensis) were claimed to have been destroyed by the Japanese in 1945 when they invaded Beijing. Now there exist only two teeth in relation to Peking Man.

O’Connel states that the Japanese did not enter this city and that he was an ambassador there at that time. O’Connel states that the fossils that those who presented Peking Man had did not show the truth, and hence they themselves destroyed them. (O’Connel, P. Science of Today and the Problems of Genesis. Hawthorne, CA. 1969; Richard, M. Shattering the Myths of Darwinism. Translated by İ. Kapaklıkaya. Son Tartışmalar Işığında Darvinizm’in Mitleri. Gelenek Yayıncılık)

It is possible to increase those claims. At least, we can easily say that the issue of fossils, especially the fossils related to human history, is very controversial and almost all of the fossils do not have the state and structure of being the ancestors of man as it is claimed.

The most powerful fossils and evidences of evolutionary atheists related to the ancestor of man are Java Man. As it can be seen, even those who presented these fossils stated that they had made a mistake about it but the evolutionists of today do not abandon these fossils and they present them as the ancestors of humans in the textbooks. This fossil came to the fore in 1891. 120 years passed after its introduction but evolutionists still hold on to it since there is still no serious evidence related to human history.

As for creationists, they accept and declare that man has been created perfectly by Allah as a human being directly. They always defend and prove it everywhere. Then, who is distorting the truth, evolutionists or creationists?

In the second part of your question, you ask what you should do to prevent Satan from confusing you through delusions.

First let us settle something: Are you a paleontologist? Are you an anthropologist? Are you a biologist? In other words, do you want to exchange opinions with those who put forward their opinions in the field of evolution related to your profession? Or are you not an expert and do you want find out what evolutionist and creationists say about human history and then believe according to what they say?  

If you are in the first group, we have nothing to say. A new opinion is put forward regarding the issue every day. You will have an opinion accordingly. In that case, you should not worry about Satan’s misleading you. For, those issues are a matter of opinion and thought rather than a matter of belief for the experts of this field.

If you are in the second group, that is, if you want to learn about the history of man through some facts from here and believe accordingly, you are on the wrong path. For, there is nobody who entered this field of philosophical thought with weak belief and came out with strong belief. This philosophical field threw strong believing geniuses like Ibn Sina and Farabi off the cliffs; some Islamic scholars regarded them as ordinary believers while others decreed that they died as unbelievers.

Now, I ask you: If an anthropologist or a biologist claims that he has found a few fossils anywhere in the world, and if he claims that these fossils show that man evolved from a lower creature, do you have the opportunity to investigate whether this claim is true or wrong?

Your answer will probably be “No”. Some philosophers and media are already looking forward to such news. They will immediately claim that it is true. Perhaps that claim will be refuted in 20-30 years. Well, what are you going to do then? Which philosopher will you follow?

I want to say the following briefly: If your faith is to be shaped based on the claims and evidences of philosophers, it means you have lost at the beginning. For, no philosopher has confirmed and approved the word of any other philosopher so far. A philosopher always puts forward some different interpretations and claims. The vast majority of them has not attained the truth. How can they guide you to the right path?

Since you accept the existence of Satan, it means you believe in Allah. In that case, why are you engaged in philosophy in order to have a strong belief? Listen to Allah once after listening to those philosophers ten times about the creation and history of man. Listen to the Prophet. Allah clearly states that He created man directly in the most beautiful way. Then, why does Satan give you delusions? When you read those views of philosophers, you will say, “They have not yet found the truths revealed by Allah. They walk around them.”

So, the main issue here for those who are not experts is to get a strong belief based on sound evidence. They also call it investigative belief. After reading books related to the realities of belief and getting a strong belief, you can be engaged in philosophy and evolution to satisfy your curiosity. Otherwise, it is highly probable for you to lose your belief unless you have strong belief. They can present you an evidence that they claim to be serious and strong related to evolution in the future if not today. A fallacy can be presented to you as great evidence. In that case, it may be inevitable for you to lose your belief.  

Therefore, let us stop searching for Satan in that field; let us read the Quran and its interpretations, trying to understand the realities of creation in it.

The claim put forward as evolution of lizards is just yellow press news.

It is claimed that when lizards that are fed at home for a while are released to nature, certain changes occur in their bodies and their heads grow larger. It is claimed through generalization that this will lead to new species in millions of years.

For, no one can see and test such a long period.

The reason for the growth of head of the lizard is attributed to the propulsive force of evolution.

Let us ask:

-What is the evidence for evolution?

-The growth of head of the lizards that are released to the wild and some small changes occurring in their digestive system.

-Well, do these changes transform the lizard into another animal?

-No.

-For example, are there any changes like, firstly, %100 lizard, then %90 lizard and %10 snake, after that, %80 lizard, %20 snake, and then %70 lizard and %30 snake?

-There are not.

There are thousands of genes that control the genetic structure of a living being. It is impossible to change of even a single gene. How does this lead to another living being by changing thousands of genes?

We ask again:

-What causes this change in living beings like the lizard?

-The propulsive force of evolution.

In other words, the desire of change that comes from the inside of living beings provide this force.

-Is this propulsive force, which is claimed to lead to evolution and to come from the inside of the living being a new idea?

No, it is an opinion put forward by Darwin. In 1850, approximately 160 years ago, Darwin said, “The woman quit her hairy skin of ape to make herself liked by men and assumed her current shape. “

That is, what saved the woman from the hairy skin of ape was the inner desire to be beautiful and to change.

According to this evolutionary idea, if you are also disturbed, for instance, by the beard in your face, why do you want not to get rid of the beard and have a beardless face?

That is the main idea on which evolutionists base their thoughts, which they call propulsive force of evolution and with which they misguide the youth.  They are fairytales to make children sleep. However, it has nothing to do with science.

Various stones and tools were used by people throughout human history. We have never heard a claim that they were made and used by monkeys. If the person who asked this question had not made it up, it is necessary to ask the person who put forward this question.

Making tools and using them is a characteristic peculiar to man. Everybody agrees on it. To claim the opposite is not a scientific thought, but nonsense.

It is claimed that the tools that were made or used are 2.500.000 years old. There is no agreement on it. For, the methods that are used for determining ages are not very reliable. Sometimes mistakes of millions of years are made.  

Click the link below in order to get detailed information about the methods that are used for determining ages.

Are Geological and Archeological Carbon Dating Methods Reliable?

If the evolution theory is accepted, this question and this problem will arise. For, according to evolutionists, those who cannot adapt to living conditions have to undergo natural selection. In this case, the following can be said, "Why did not Allah create some beings in accordance with the conditions of life?"

The second delusion of evolutionists is mutations, which express the transformation of some species into other species. As there are different types of apples, as well as different varieties of pears, it is possible that some living things will also change as a result of a certain divine law in the course of time. However, as evolutionists say, for example, the claims that a monkey turns into a human, a camel turns into a cat, a mouse turns into a horse, and a butterfly turns into a lamb are nonsense. For, according to this claim, there is a transformation of beings with different natures and qualities into a nature other than their own nature. However, " it is impossible for the realities to change."

As for the real question, it is a fact that things were created based on a certain law of evolution. It is stated in the Qur'an that the heavens and the earth were created in six days (in two astronomical, four geological periods). This shows the wisdom of Allah, not His weakness. Because, the following is also stated in the Qur'an: "And your creation or your resurrection is in no wise but as an individual soul… Truly that is easy for Allah." It means the power of Allah is enough for everything.

Something that is pre-eternal cannot have an opposite that can intervene and weaken it. Allah’s knowledge and power are pre-eternal like all His attributes, and there is no ignorance in question that is opposite them. Therefore, Allah knows everything, how they will be perfect in every aspect; There is nothing He will learn in time and with experience – God forbid - He does not need it.

Although all attributes of Allah are infinite, they consider the decrees of one another like concentric circles. For example, Allah can do anything, but He does not create unnecessary, absurd things because His attribute of wisdom does not allow it. If Allah wishes, He can inflict all kinds of cruelty on His servants – God forbid -, and no one can prevent it; however, He does not do such a thing because His attributes of compassion and justice do not allow it.

It is a necessity of His wisdom that Allah does not create everything at the perfect level in an instant, and that He creates according to the law of perfection that is present in the universe. For, the world is the land of wisdom, it has been designed and arranged according to the network of causes. It is for this reason that a child stays in the womb of the mother for months; he is born after a few months in a weak and ignorant state, becoming perfect after many years of life adventure. For, there are reasons that satisfy one's mind in this gradual route. If there was no system of wisdom suitable for divine wisdom, neither medicine nor astronomy, neither physics nor chemistry, and not even sciences such as sociology would come to light. For, they all mention certain causes, wisdom, cause and effect relationships.

We think that the truth will be understood when the subject is viewed from this perspective.

It is not only human beings and mammals that are similar. Plants, animals and human beings show great similarity in terms of cell structure, which forms the basis of living beings. Chromosomes, which are located in in the cell nucleus and constitute the basis of heredity, and DNA molecules are similar to a great extent. The foundations of DNA are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms.

The books that fill our bookcases are written with the twenty-six letters of the alphabet; similarly, Allah writes the material structure of the universe with 114 elements.

The fact that the basic structure of beings is similar shows that Allah is the owner and creator of all beings.

Cherry trees here blossom based on the same laws as the cherry trees in France and Australia. The sheep here give birth to lambs in the same way as the sheep in Malaysia do. The eggs of the chickens here are the same as the eggs of the chickens in America. All these similarities show that their creator is the same.

The owner of a signature in a document is understood from the similarity of the signature in other documents; likewise, Allah uses the same signature and seal while creating the beings in the universe so that we will not have any difficulty in understanding that they belong to Allah.

There are definitely many wisdoms behind and reasons for the creation of beings similarly. Everyone can put forward some reasons according to their ability. However, it cannot be said that the reasons for and purposes of the creation of beings similarly are only the ones that we put forward.

Besides, this creation has an aspect belonging to Allah. It is not possible for us to penetrate it. We can only know as much as we are informed.

Our knowledge is like a drop in the ocean compared to His knowledge. It is not possible to understand the ocean with one drop; similarly, it is not possible for us to understand fully the deeds of Allah in the universe and the wise purposes behind the creation of beings.

It is regarded real knowledge to understand that we cannot fully grasp His wisdom and purposes in the creation of beings.

It is useful to remember something here. Sperm and ovum cells play a role in the sexual reproduction of living things. These two cells merge to form a unicellular zygote. It develops, giving a multicellular living thing. Chromosome numbers are halved before sperm and ovum cells merge. Thus, when two cells whose chromosome number is halved are combined, the number of chromosomes belonging to that living thing remains unchanged. The halving of the chromosome number in male and female cells before fertilization occurs in the same way in plants, animals and humans in the form of a law.

Mutation is the changes that happen in genetic structure of a living thing. These changes can happen in chromosomes or in genes. The changes in chromosomes occur in the numbers of chromosome or in its structure. The number of chromosomes in every living thing is constant. Changing in chromosome number can take place in the form of increasing and decreasing. For instance, in a plant with forty chromosomes, this number can change due to improper division or transportation to an inappropriate place during reproduction. For example, this number can be forty-one, forty-two, thirty, or thirty-eight. The individuals with a change in number cannot have a healthy life. Most of the time, they become extinct and, these types of changes usually lead to the abnormality of the living thing and cause its death.

Another change can be the increase in the number of chromosomes as two-fold or half. During the reproduction of a plant with forty chromosomes and during the formation of pollen and egg cells, the number of chromosomes have to reduce by half because when the pollen that represents the male and the ovum unite, the number of chromosomes remains constant as forty.

During the reduction of chromosomes in cells, the reduction can be prevented by interfering. This reduction can be done in ovum cells or sperm cells or in both. In this case, the individuals with sixty or eighty chromosomes, instead of forty will occur. The increasing of chromosomes in this way does not cause to death. Their generations continue too.

This type of chromosome change is called beneficial mutation. People benefit from this method especially in plant and animal breeding. For example, corn whose chromosome number has doubled or quadrupled becomes bigger and larger grained than normal individuals. Likewise, there are similar applications in the animal kingdom to increase milk and meat yield.

Other mutations are harmful and generally lethal, whether they take place in genes or in chromosome structure or number.

Conclusion

The beneficial mutations are those that increase in the form of multiples of the number of chromosomes. This method is used for obtaining big fruits in plant breeding and increasing meat and milk yield in animal breeding. However, it is not possible for a new and different living thing to emerge from them. When corn has increased the number of chromosomes by two times, corn with big grains and large cobs is obtained; the corn remains as corn, and no beans from the corn.

There are some charlatans who defend atheism, who use evolutionism, which has nothing to do with science and scholarship, as a screen to try to divert young people from their faith and channel them in the direction they want. Their scenario is this:

All living beings, including human beings, evolved from one another by chance. There is no creator. Everything is the work of coincidence and nature. According to them, such thinking is scientific knowledge.

The unimaginable frauds these charlatans have committed in the name of science to prove their claims have been revealed over time.

Many scientists who defend atheism have admitted after the scientific studies they carried out that living beings did not evolve from one another as it is claimed, but that each species was created with its own unique characteristics.

Now we will try to present the evidence put forward by those atheist charlatans in the name of science and how they were refuted by atheist scientists and their statements that each species was created independently by citing their sources.

1. Fossils of the Oligocene Period

Information about Parapithecus is based on two molars found in Egypt. The fossils found in the Oligocene period, which are said to belong to Parapithecus, are both very scanty and controversial [1].

Fossils from the Oligocene period are scanty. The fact that the existing ones are generally jaws with lost teeth and fragmented skulls makes it difficult to make an accurate decision about them [2].

They do not belong to a single creature; they were formed as a result of small fossil fragments of various creatures being put together accidentally [3].

In fact, fossils from the Oligocene period do not provide clear information about the ancestry of either today’s apes or Aegyptopithecus. They are not similar to today’s apes either. They are thought to be on the way to apes only in terms of some of their characters [4].

2. Fossils of the Miocene Period

The fossils that are accepted to characterize this period can be grouped in the Dryopithecinae family. This group is believed to be the ancestor of the present day Pongidae and Hominidae.

Dryopithecus were found in Europe and Asia. Dryopithecus africanus (Proconsul), Dryopithecus nyanzae and Dryopithecus major were found in Africa. Those found in Europe and Asia are grouped under the names Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus sivalensis and Dryopithecus punjabicus.

It is claimed that orangutan, chimpanzee and gorilla were formed from this group [5].

3. Fossils from the Pliocene Period

Ramapithecus (Long-armed ape)

It is suggested that this primate, known from its jawbone and assumed to have lived in the Pliocene Period “may have come from Dryopithecus”. It is understood from its jaw fragments that the teeth became rounded, that the canines became relatively smaller and that the upper part became flattened. [5].

24 different measurements were made on the teeth of two species belonging to Ramapithecus and Dryopithecus (Fossil ape), which are considered to be hominids, and the results that were obtained were compared with those of chimpanzees of similar species in Liberia. It was found out that fourteen of the twenty-four measurements were smaller, one was the same and nine were larger than the chimpanzees. In conclusion, the difference in tooth size between living chimpanzees was found to be greater than that between Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus. [6]^,[7],[8]

Theropithecus galada, a species of baboon living in the highlands of Abyssinia, has incisors and front teeth relatively smaller than those of African apes. It shares with Ramapithecus and Australopithecus the rather compressed and worn lateral teeth, strong masticatory muscles and a less deep facial feature [9]^,[10].

It is generally accepted that Ramapithecus is not a hominid, and that this fossil is morphologically, ecologically and behaviorally similar to a chimpanzee or gorilla among the advanced apes. There is no evidence that it walked upright [11]^,[12].

4. Australopithecus (Ape of the South)

This name was given to various fossils found in East Africa by Louis Leakey and many others. The fossils found by Dart were named “Australopithecus africanus” (African man), and later Zinjanthropus, Paranthropus, Pleisanthropus, Telanthropus and Homo habilis were included in this group.

Australopithecus is considered to be a hominid that lived two to three million years ago, walking upright and using crude tools. Its brain volume is about 500 cc, the same as in some advanced apes. Its teeth are similar to those of Ramapithecus.

Zinjanthropus boisei, found by Louis Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge region of Tanzania, was found to be a variety of Australopithecus robustus. After that, Australopithecus was grouped under two species. One is Australopithecus africanus and the other is Australopithecus robustus.

4.1. Australopithecus Africanus (African Man)

It was found in Africa by Dart in 1924. It has small teeth, small jaws and a slender build. Its skull volume is estimated to be about 1/3 of today’s human, i.e., 500 cc, and its age is estimated to be 1.8-2.6 million years.

4.2. Australopithecus Boisei (zinjanthropus)

This form is considered a variety of Australopithecus robustus. It was found in 1959 by Leakey in Tanzania. It has very thick teeth, thick jaws and protruding upper temporal bones as in gorillas and orangutans. The dental arch and jaw arch are very parabolic. It is similar to orangutans and chimpanzees among advanced apes. The volume of the skull is 500 cc and the age is 2 million years.

It is claimed based on some pieces of the pelvis, arm and foot bones of both Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus that Australopithecus was an upright walking creature.

Criticism of Australopithecus

Almost none of the fossil material from the past is complete. In other words, the fossil material available represents a very small part of the organism to which it is claimed to belong. The fact that fragments of different organisms were brought together based on the assumption that they belong to a single species plays a major role in it. In addition, there can be very big mistakes in fossil age determinations. Therefore, during the evaluation of the organisms to which fossil materials belong, such issues should be taken into consideration and definitive statements should be avoided. As a matter of fact, the authorities in this field have expressed the opposite views about Australopithecus africanus.

Oxnard and Zuckerman, who investigated the Australopithecus fossil for years, state that Australopithecus is not an upright walking being. Oxnard and Zuckerman’s multi-faceted statistical research on Australopithecus africanus’ hand, wrist, foot, shoulder and pelvic bones shows that they do not resemble man, but orangutan and chimpanzee [13],[14],[15]^,[1---6].

Furthermore, the statement of Zuckerman, who worked with a team on Australopithecus africanus for 15 years, is definite:

It is impossible for Australopithecus africanus to be the ancestor of man [17].

All Australopithecus are completely similar to the advanced apes in terms of their cranial structure [18].

To put it briefly, the fossils that are claimed to belong to the Australopithecus group belong to different creatures and were shaped according to the ideas of evolutionists and plaster models were made accordingly.

Java man, Peking man, Heidelberg man and Meganthropus are grouped under the name “Homo erectus”. It is accepted that they lived approximately 500 thousand years ago. It is stated that they walked upright and their brain volume was approximately 1000 cc.

5. Java Man (Pithecanthropus Erectus)

Shortly after Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1858, Ernst Haeckel, inspired by Darwin, published his book entitled The History of Creation. In this work, Haeckel proposed the Mute Ape Man as the “ancestor of man”. He also gave it a Latin name: Pithecanthropus alalus. When this imaginary being would be found as a fossil, it would resemble a human being in some characteristics and an ape in others. They also specified where the remains of this being would be found: The hypothetical ancient Lemuria continent, stretching from Madagascar to India and from the Indian Ocean to Indonesia [19].

In 1887, the Dutch anatomist Eugene Dubois set out with his wife and children to Java, a Dutch colony in East India, as “a health care worker for the Dutch army”. Dubois was on his way to find the Mute Ape Man that Haeckel had suggested, in the same place they had shown. Two years after his arrival in Sumatra, Dubois convinced the government to conduct paleontological excavations in Java. Some prisoners were sent to the excavation by the Solo River near the village of Trinil, and soldiers were assigned the duty of controlling of the excavation. It is stated that Dubois did not participate in the field work in these excavations and that he examined the findings of the workers brought to him periodically at home [20].  

In 1891, Dubois made two important discoveries among the bones that came to him. They were a tooth and a skull found in the same fossil bed a month apart. However, their exact location could not be determined because they were not recorded during the excavation. At first, Dubois thought they belonged to a chimpanzee. A few months later, however, the prisoners found a femur at the same site. It was the femur of a person walking upright. Dubois combined these pieces to form Pithecanthropus erectus (Upright Walking Ape-Man). The brain volume of this being was about 900 cc. A small molar tooth was found in 1898. It was stated that those teeth also belonged to Pithecanthropus. The age of this being was estimated to be 500 thousand years.

When Dubois introduced those fossils at the International Congress of Zoology held in Leyden in 1895, the British zoologists claimed that those fossils belonged to a human, the Germans claimed that they belonged to human-like apes, and the French stated that they belonged to a transition form between a higher form of ape and man.

Criticism of Java Man

Koenigswald is of the opinion that the big molar tooth of Java Man belongs to an orangutan and the small one to a human. He states that the skull is similar to that of chimpanzees and gibbons [21].

In 1906, a major excavation was carried out in the place where Dubois found the fossils, but nothing was found except a small piece of bone. It is said that the being called “Java Man” is in fact a chimpanzee or gorilla type of ape, that the skull of the ape was combined with the human thigh bone and that it was given the name “Pithecanthropus erectus” [22].

It is noteworthy that the confession of Dubois, who found the Pithecanthropus fossil in 1922, was not taken into consideration. In his book named "Mankind in the Making" Howells, states that Dubois found two skulls with brain volumes somewhat similar to those of modern humans in the same place where he found the first fossil. However, Dubois did not reveal these skulls he found for thirty years. He professed thirty years later that the being he presented as Java Man (Pithecanthropus erectus) was actually a big gibbon monkey [23].

This explanation of Dubois is included as follows in the Encyclopedia of Archeology:

At first, there was much opposition to the status implied by the name the ape-man, ‘who walked erect’, but it became generally accepted though Dubois himself finally changed his mind and said that the fossils he found belonged to a giant ape, but this skull gained general acceptance” [24].

6. Nebraska man (Hesperopithecus Haroldcookii)

In 1922, a large molar was found by Henry Fairfield Osborn in western Nebraska and was named Hesperopithecus Haroldcookii (Nebraska Man).

It was suggested that this creature, which is estimated to have lived approximately 500 thousand years ago, belonged to the prehistoric ancestor of man and was half ape and half man. However, later on, it was realized as a result of detailed research that the molar called Nebraska Man belonged to a pig [25]^-[26].

Although it was proved that the molar belonged to a pig, animations have been made with half ape and half man pictures drawn as Nebraska Man and movies have been made; and it has been advertised as the first ancestor of man in order to deceive young people.

7. Piltdown Man (Eanthropus Dawsoni)

Arthur Smith Woodward, the director of the London Museum of Natural History, and Charles Dawson, a medical doctor, dug out a jaw and skull fossil with a ceremony from a gravel pit near Piltdown, England in 1912. The jaw bone was very similar to that of the monkey, and the teeth and skull were very similar to that of human beings. Those materials were called “Piltdown Man” (Eanthropus dawsoni). The age was determined to be 500 thousand years.

In 1950, the amount of fluoride absorbed by the bones from the soil was tested in order to determine the age of Piltdown Man. If the fossil had allegedly remained in the soil for 500,000 years, it would have contained a lot of fluoride. However, there was no fluoride in that fossil... Thus, it was discovered that the material of Piltdown Man was not a fossil, and that it had not remained in the soil for more than a year when it was discovered.

Later, it was found that the bones, which were subjected to a serious examination, were stained with potassium dichromate to give the appearance that they belonged to the past. Teeth on the jaw bone had been rasped so that they would have a worn and torn appearance [27].

Thus, they had combined the jaw of a 10-year-old orangutan with human skull and placed human teeth on the jawbone to make it resemble a being between an ape and a human.

When the people who were responsible for this hoax were searched, no one took the blame. Arthur Smith Woodward and the medical doctor Charles Dawson, who planned this hoax and dug the bones out of the gravel pit with a great ceremony, had died. The journals and other publishing organizations that presented the issue did not accept responsibility.

In the 1930s, the discussions about “did man’s brain or body develop first?” were answered by bringing evidence from Piltdown Man. As a matter of fact, Smith indicates this issue and states the following:

The most interesting aspect of “Piltdown Man” is that it justified the idea that ‘the brain was first in the evolution of man’. The idea that human beings got rid of being apes thanks to the development of the head structure is the most realistic view. Man is an orangutan whose brain is highly developed. The importance of the Piltdown skull lies in its strict validation of those judgements [28].

Clark Howell attracts attention to the fact that the scientific circles were deceived by Piltdown Man for 50 years:

Piltdown man was nothing more than a being that consisted of a human skull and an ape’s jaw. It was a hoax placed on purpose. They declared it as the common ancestor of man and ape that lived 500,000 years ago. Some 500 books were written on it. The paleontologists were fooled for 50 years with that discovery [29].

The fact that the Piltdown hoax could not be understood for about 50 years despite the research of the greatest authorities of the world increased the doubts about the other fossils. S. Zuckerman holds the view that when the Dubois fossils of Java Man is examined seriously, the result will be no different than the Piltdown Man [30].

8. Pekin Man (Sinanthropus Pekinensis)

Dr. Davidson Black found two molar teeth in 1921 in a depression in the village of Choukoutien, 40 km away from Beijing, China, and called them “Sinanthropus pekinensis”. W. C. Pei found a third molar tooth in 1927, and several skull fragments and two pieces from the jaw in 1928. Black said those fossils belonged to Peking Man [31].

Peking Man fossils were found in Choukoutien in a large cave whose ceiling collapsed and was filled with sediments left by the waters. Human fossils are considered to be in the same place and in an upper cave. The cave where Peking Man was found was 200 meters wide and 50 meters deep, and there was a lime quarry there. This lime quarry collapsed and everything in this two-story cave was buried under thousands of tons of stone. The skull of Peking Man was found in this pile of debris and buried ashes [32].

According to O’Connell, the fact that the stones were brought from far away and used in the buildings and the presence of a lime quarry and huge ash heaps indicate that lime was burned there. The fact that there was lime production in Choukoutien shows that the houses were built in a certain way and order [33].

As a matter of fact, Breuil reported that two thousand roughly worked stones were found under the heaps of ashes in the debris containing the skulls of Peking Man and the bones of about 100 different animals in a pit 132 meters wide and 12 meters deep in the same place. The tools found there are not primitive in nature. Carving and digging works, the structure of other tools and fine craftsmanship were not found in France until the Upper Paleolithic period. Afterwards, 10 fossils belonging to modern man were found in the same place where the skulls of Peking Man were found [34].

In 1936, three more skulls were found in the same place by F. Weidenreich and Pei, who led the German excavations. Although the volume of the first skull that was found was reported to be 900 cc, it was reported to have increased to 1200 cc in 1936.

The lower jaw and all characteristics of the teeth in the fossils alleged to belong to Peking Man resemble those of apes. The canines are distant from the neighboring incisors, as in some chimpanzees and gorillas. Similarly, the upper canines are considerably longer than the other teeth. The lower canines are small and correspond to the large anterior teeth. Thus, except for a few, the jaw and dental characteristics of these fossils are similar to those of orangutans and chimpanzees [35].

The materials belonging to Peking Man were lost between 1941 and 1945, except for two teeth. None of them have been found to date. Many stories concerning the disappearance of this material have circulated. The most common one is that they may have been lost or confiscated by the Japanese during the Second World War. However, none of these stories has been verified. No living person apparently knows what happened to the materials.

When Davidson Black died in 1934, his work was continued by F. Weidenreich. Weidenreich stated that he based his Peking Man models on the skulls that were found by Pei in 1936 and that were later lost [36].

Weidenreich’s models have been met with skepticism and severe criticism by some. Gish expresses it as follows:

“There is no evidence other than models and descriptions of those materials left by a few investigators. All of those investigators are evolutionists are totally committed to the idea that man had evolved from animal ancestors. Even if a scientist is as completely objective as humanly possible, the model of description he fashions on the basis of scanty and incomplete material with reflect to a critical degree what he thinks the evidence ought to show is doubtful. All we have available are the models fashioned by Weidenreich. How reliable are these models? Are they accurate casts of the originals, or do they reflect what Weidenreich thought they should look like? [37]

O’Connell believes that the fossils of Peking Man were not taken by the Japanese but that they were planned to be lost during the war. According to him, the Japanese did not enter Choukoutien. He claims that Weidenreich and Pei continued to excavate until 1940 and that Pei destroyed the fossils that did not fit the models made for Peking Man before the Chinese government returned to Beijing [38].

All researchers agree that Peking Man was killed and eaten by hunters because the brains of all the skulls were struck with force and broken. Their brains were probably removed and eaten. According to O’Connell, Peking Man was either a large baboon or a large macaque killed and eaten by the workers in the old quarry [39].

In 1952, Boule and Valois, concluded after a detailed study of plaster casts of Peking Man that Java Man and Peking Man were very similar. The two groups were combined into a single species and the Java Man fossil was named Pithecanthropus erectus and Peking Man was named Pithecanthropus pekinensis. Afterwards, they were united under the name Homo erectus [40].

9. Human Skull (Skull 1470)

In 1972, a skull and a leg bone were found by Richard Leakey by Lake Rudolf near Turkana, Kenya. Leakey states that this fossil is 2.8 million years old and that the shape of the skull and the cranial wall are similar to modern humans. It is noted that the skull does not have eyebrow ridges and even contrasts with the protruding eyebrows of Homo erectus. Although the 1470 man was three times older than Homo erectus, his brain was almost the same size [41].

This fossil of Leakey’s disproved the claims that “Austrolopithecus was the ancestor of man” because it is superior to Australopithecus both in terms of brain capacity and skeleton [42].

Besides, the 1470 man is 2.3 million years older than the 500,000-year-old Sinanthropus pekinensis and Pithecanthropus erectus but it has a more modern appearance than them. On the other hand, 300 stone crushing and breaking tools were recovered from the strata in which 1470 man was found, which shows their high level of intelligence and skill [43].

10. Neanderthal Man (Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis)

It was discovered by Dr. Fuhtrott in the Feldhofor cave of the Neanderthal valley in Düsseldorf, Germany in 1856. The skull size of the Neanderthal Man, a race of Homo sapiens, is about as big as that of modern man. It is estimated to have lived 35 thousand to 100 thousand years ago. Neanderthal Man has been described and presented for more than a hundred years as “a thick-eyed being with a coarse nature, wild-character that walked in a curved state”. In fact, the difference between Neanderthal Man and today’s man is less than the difference between the current people of different tribes [44].

The protrusion of the mouth and eyebrows, which are the characteristics of the Neanderthal race, is typical of the black race. Neanderthal man has a curved skeletal structure. In his article called “Neanderthals Had Rickets”, Ivanhoe states that this structure is not due to kinship with apes without tails, but due to the joint and bone disease caused by lack of vitamin D.

It is known that Neanderthal Man grew plants, painted pictures with elegant tools, had some religious beliefs, buried the dead and used a kind of scripture [45].

Today Neanderthal Man is classified as “Homo sapiens” (today’s man). It is stated that Neanderthal Man could not be distinguished from other people if he walked in our streets wearing overalls [46].

Paleontologist Erik Trinkaus draws attention to the fact that there is no difference between modern man and Neanderthal Man and states the following:

Neanderthal ruins and detailed comparisons made between Neanderthal bones and modern human bones show that there is no difference in Neanderthal’s anatomy or in terms of his movement, instrument use, intelligence or speech.” [47].

It is claimed that Neanderthal Man was absorbed by dominant races over time [48].

There are many different opinions and thoughts about Neanderthal Man. Noting that almost everyone has a comment on this issue, Wells states the following:

“Currently in the news is the never-ending controversy over Neanderthals. Were they our ancestors? Were they a separate species, now extinct? Or were they a race of humans, eventually absorbed into our modern global family? Almost every month, a proponent of one view or another takes to the print media or the airwaves, declaring the matter settled. Wait a few months, however, and someone will probably say the opposite with equal confidence [49].

Mentioning the same issue, James Shreeve says:

I talked to one hundred and fifty scientists—archaeologists, anatomists, geneticists, geologists, dating experts—and sometimes it seemed I had come away with one hundred and fifty different points of view about the place of Neanderthals in human evolution. Any theory about Neanderthals is like the weather in many parts of the country: If you do not like it, wait a little while and it will change! ^[50]

11. Cro-Magnon Man (Homo sapiens)

It was found near Eyzi in France in 1868. They are considered to have lived twenty thousand years ago. Their height is 1.85 and brain volume is 1500-1600 cc. They have a dolichocephalic head structure. It is claimed that they “came to Europe from Africa and suddenly disappeared”. Since it is a dominant race, it is stated that the Neanderthal race was assimilated in this race. It is stated that Cro-Magnon Man is very similar to the present-day European Man, and that it is almost impossible to distinguish between them [51].

The fossil called Homo Florensis probably belongs to a race of human beings in appearance. In other words, its Latin name should be Homo sapiens too. However, it is difficult to say anything definite since some parts were filled with plaster. Researchers are not allowed to examine these fossils. Therefore, it is possible that it is not a separate species, but a race within the human species.

To conclude, species and even individuals are so perfectly created and they are adorned with such feelings and emotions that it is impossible for an iota of coincidence and randomness to interfere with them. Each human being is like a realm. His miraculous creation, structure and feelings cannot be explained by such evolutionary quackery. The claim that he came from the evolution of other living beings is also a fallacy. It has no scientific value.

If Allah wanted, could He not create one living being from another, as evolutionists claim? He could. For creationists, it is not a problem at all. Allah can create a horse from a dog and a dog from a horse but there is no scientific evidence for it. Allah has made the genetic structure of each group of living beings immutable. The genetic structure of any living being does not change in such a way to give rise to another living being.

The genetic makeup of a species is called its gene pool. For example, the genetic makeup of all human beings constitutes their gene pool. Small changes occur within this gene pool. We call them variations. Human beings are not all the same like photocopy paper. They have many differences from one another but they all fall within the basic human type.

You can consider other living things in this way. For example, rabbits have a different gene pool, horses have a different gene pool.  That is, rabbits have a different basic type and horses have a different basic type. Genetically, it is not possible for them to be genetically distant or close to each other. That is what science tells us about these laws set by Allah. however, some people consider their dreams, not science, as truth and present their dreams as scientific knowledge.

References:

[1] Guyer, M. F. Animal Biology. New York. Harper; Brothers, London. 1937.

[2] Katz, S. H. Biological Anthropology. Readings from Scientific American. San Fransisco, 1974.

[3] Shipman, P. Baffling Limb on the Family Tree. Discover, 1986, September.

[4] Şengün, A. Evrim. Sermet Matbaası. Kırklareli. 1984, p.142.

[5] Demirsoy, A. Kalıtım ve Evrim. Meteksan Yay. No.11. Ankara. 1984

[6] Pilbeam, D. R. Nature. 1968, Vo1.219 p.1335.                    

[7] Simons, E. L. and Pilbeam, D. R. Folia Primatol. 1965, Vo1.3. p. 81.

[8] Eckhard, R.B. Population Genetics and Human Origins. Scientific American. 1972, Vol.226

[9] Pilbeam, D. R. Gigantopithecus and Origins of Ho­minidae. Nature. 1970, Vo1.225. p.518.

[10] Broom, R. and Schepers, G. W. H. Transv. Mus. Mem. 1946, Vol.2. pp.1-272.

[11] Shipman, P. Baffling Limb on the Family Tree. Discover, 1986, September.

[12] Eckhard, R.B. Population Genetics and Human Origins. Scientific American. 1972, Vol.226.

[13] Oxnard, C. University of Chicago Magazine, 1974, pp.8-12.

[14] Oxnard, C. The Place of the Australopithecines in Human Evolution:  Grounds for doubt? Nature. 1975, Vo1.258. pp.389-395.

[15] Zuckerman, S. Journal of the Royal College of Sur­geons of Edinburg. 1966, Vol.1. pp.87-115.

[16] Zuckerman, S. Beyond the Ivory Tower. Top­linger Publ. Co. New York. 1970, pp. 11-12,64,75-94.

[17] Zuckerman, S. Beyond the Ivory Tower. Top­linger Publ. Co. New York. 1970, pp. 11-12,64,75-94.

[18] Montagu, A. Man: His First Million Years. Word Publishers. Yonkers. 1957, pp.51-52.

[19] Richard, M. Shattering the Myths of Darwinism. Transl. İ. Kapaklıkaya. Son Tartışmalar Işığında Darwinizm’in Mitleri. Gelenek Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003

[20] Richard, M. Shattering the Myths of Darwinism. Transl. İ. Kapaklıkaya. Son Tartışmalar Işığında Darwinizm’in Mitleri. Gelenek Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003

[21] Boule, M. and Valois, H.M. Fossil Man. The Dreyden Press. New York. 1957, pp.118-123.

[22] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Transl. Â. Tatlı, Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

[23] Howells, W.  Mankind in the Making. Doubleday and CO. Garden City N. Y. P. 1967, 155-156.

[24] Cottrell, L. The Concise Encyclopedia Arc­heology. Hawthorn. New    York. 1960, p. 394.

[25] Gregory, W. K. American Museum of Natural His­tory. Science.1927, Dec.Vol.66. pp.579-581.

[26] Ivanhoe, F. Neanderthals Had Rickets. 1970, Nature. 8.Aug.

[27] Smith, G. S. Woodward’s Folly. New Scientist. 1979, 5 April, p.44.

[28] Smith, G. S. Woodward’s Folly. New Scientist. 1979, 5 April, p.44.

[29] Howell, C. Early Man New York: Time Life Books, 1973, pp.24-25.

[30] Zuckerman, S. Beyond the Ivory Tower. Top­linger Publ. Co. New York. 1970, pp. 11-12,64,75-94.

[31] Boule, M. and Valois, H.M. Fossil Man. The Dreyden Press. New York. 1957, pp.118-123.

[32] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Transl. Â. Tatlı, Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

[33] Richard, M. Shattering the Myths of Darwinism. Transl. İ. Kapaklıkaya. Son Tartışmalar Işığında Darwinizm’in Mitleri. Gelenek Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003

[34] Lintor, R.The Tree of Cu1ture. New York. 1955, pp.8­9,110.

[35] Richard, M. Shattering the Myths of Darwinism. Transl. İ. Kapaklıkaya. Son Tartışmalar Işığında Darwinizm’in Mitleri. Gelenek Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003

[36] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Transl. Â. Tatlı, Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

[37] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Transl. Â. Tatlı, Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

[38] O’Connell, P. Science of Today and the Problems of Genesis. Hawthorne, CA. 1969.

[39] O’Connell, P. Science of Today and the Problems of Genesis. Hawthorne, CA. 1969.

[40] Boule, M., Valois, H. M. Fossil Men. New York: Dreyden Press, 1957.

[41] Leakey, R. E. Skull 1470. National Geographic. 1973, Vo1.143. pp.819-828.

[42] Waechter, J. Prehistoric Man. London. Octopus Books Limited. 1977.

[43] Leakey, R. E. Skull 1470. National Geographic. 1973, Vo1.143. pp.819-828. 

[44] Dobzhansky, T. Changing Man. Science. 1967, Vol.155, p.  410.

[45] Use of Symbols Anteclates Neanderthal Man. Science Digest.Vol.1.73.1973. p.22.  

[46] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Transl. Â. Tatlı, Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

[47] Trinkaus, E. Hard Times Among the Neanderthals. Natural History, Vol. 87, December 1978, p.10

[48] Şengün, A. Evrim. Sermet Matbaası. Kırklareli. 1984, p.142.

[49] Wells, J. ibid. p. 206.

[50] Shreeve, J. The Neanderthal Enigma. New York: William Morrow, p.252, 1995.

[51] Gish, D.T. Evolution: The Fossils Say No! 1981. Tercüme; Âdem Tatlı,  Fosiller ve Evrim. Cihan Yayınları, İs­tanbul. 1984.

In order to answer your question, let us briefly explain, ‘how does sexual reproduction happen in living beings?’

In all living beings, in other words, plants, animals and humans, God Almighty imposed the same law for sexual reproduction, that is, offspring coming into being from a mother and a father.

Let us take human beings as an example. In every human, there are averagely one hundred trillion cells and there are 46 chromosomes in each cell. 23 of them come from the mother and the other 23 of them come from the father.

As it is known, the ovum of a mother must combine with a sperm of a father. If sperm is created from a cell with 46 chromosomes, the chromosome numbers are reduced by half by division. Therefore, there are 23 chromosomes in each sperm.

The cell with 46 chromosomes that gives the ovum of the mother is reduced by half by division. Eventually, an egg with 23 chromosomes forms. During reproduction, these two cells combine with each other and zygote with 46 chromosomes emerges. This cell is the first cell of the baby. This one cell divides and becomes two cells.

Naturally, because their chromosomes are also divided, each cell has 46 chromosomes again.

These cells reproduce by division in this way and in the meantime, they begin to differentiate. In other words, some cells differentiate to produce the heart, some the brain and some the eyes. However, all of them keep the 46 chromosomes. However, when the ovum and the sperm emerge, Allah reduces the number of chromosomes by half.

Why does efficient offspring not come into being when different types of species combine?

Chromosomes that come from the same mother and father are similar. In other words, if the chromosome coming from the from mother is like the right hand, the one from the father is like the left hand. This is why they are called similar or homologous chromosomes.

For example, suppose that you have two prayer beads with 33 beads. Assume that the two ends of these beads are not tied to each other, and they are in straight position. Each bead is the same as the one opposite it. It means that the eighteenth bead of the first line and eighteenth bead of the second line are similar to each other. However, 18 is different from 19 and 19 is different from 20.

Each of these beads is like one chromosome. One of them comes from the mother and the other one comes from the father.

If the gene representing the eighteenth bead in the first chromosome comes from the mother and if it includes the shape, color and the other characteristics of the eye, the eighteenth gene coming from the father in the second chromosome also carry characteristics of the eye.

You can liken it to information that you encrypt in a flash disk.

If the information in two similar flash disks is encrypted as opposite copy of each other, they form a whole when they come across; and their information encrypted in the similar genes of the same characters from the mother and the father are like this.

Thus, the genes of every species are encrypted in a way that is peculiar to the members of that species. If the right-hand side of this code is from the mother, the left-hand side is from the father and they have the same shape, structure and place on homologous chromosomes.

That is the crucial point. 

If the mother and the father are of different species, the offspring cannot come into being because the number and shape of their chromosomes, the location of the chromosomes carried by the genes as well as the code of their shape do not fit each other. Even if an offspring comes into being, efficient offspring will not come into being because their chromosomes cannot match with each other when they encounter.

For this reason, sexual reproduction does not allow the formation of new and different species.

-Accordingly, how do evolutionists reach the conclusion of a common ancestor by combining different chromosomes of a human and a monkey?

You will find the information that we have tried to give above in any biology book because this reproduction law of God Almighty is the same in all living beings.

The evolutionists claim that humans emerged from monkeys. They cannot explain this by science, and they try to explain it through the magic wand of “time” just like the witches producing various things by the magic wand in fairy tales. They say, “It took place over time.”

For the formation of a living being, another living being that will cause its formation is definitely necessary. It is wrong to claim that any living being can form when there is a suitable medium. As it is known, there was a conviction that living beings formed when there was a suitable medium. However, Pasteur observed that living beings did not form in closed jars in the seventeenth century and showed that a living being could form only from another living being.

Allah can create a living being as a miracle without needing another living being. As a matter of fact, the first creations took place like that; for instance, the creation of Hz. Adam and Hz. Hawwa (Eve). However, this world is a world of testing; therefore, Allah attributed everything to a cause. A mother and father are necessary as causes for the birth of a child. The same thing is valid for a lamb, bird and bacterium. Thus, Allah attributed the formation of a living being to another living being, not a medium, as a cause.

That all laws of physics, chemistry and biology function in the same way in living beings shows that their Creator is the same, not their evolution. Although every being shows the existence and oneness of their Creator, the people who do not want to accept a single Creator try to attribute everything to evolution as if looking through the other side of the binoculars.

Firstly, let us take a look at the glycolysis cycle. In the glycolysis cycle, energy is obtained by the burning of nutrients during respiration in living beings. In the meantime, carbohydrates break into pieces of oxygen and carbon dioxide. One phase of this chemical reaction is called glycolysis cycle. This respiration is common for all species, not just only for bacteria and humans. In other words, this phase of respiration is seen in both plants and animals as well as humans. The laws of respiration, digestion, excretion, development, growth, and differentiation are the same in all of them. Even the cell structures are similar to a great extent. The basic structures and functions of mitochondria, ribosomes, RNA and DNA in the cell are the same. In fact, not only living beings, but also non-living beings are made up of common 114 elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, iron and sulfur. Just as there are 26 letters in the English alphabet and all books are written with these 29 letters so too are the material structures of the beings in the universe made up of 114 elements. In other words, all beings in the universe are written with 114 letters.

The creation of all living and non-living beings from atoms to galaxies in an artistic and measured way and continuation of the life of the living beings show a Creator who has limitless knowledge, will and power.

When it is claimed that a signature or writing belongs to an individual, the first thing to do is make that individual sign and write few lines. If the writing and signature style are similar, it is decided that the alleged writing and signature belong to that individual. Thus, the existence of the same signature and similar seal in all living beings in the realm is not evidence of their evolution, but evidence that the signer and the writer of the article is the same being.

In conclusion, the fact that the same biological laws are seen in plants, animals and humans all over the world, that is, that their creation is similar, indicates that their Creator is the same, not their evolution. That all chickens, all cows, all flies, all fish, all butterflies, all roses and all people breathe the same air and are subject to the same biological laws, they show the existence and oneness of their creator just like the existence of light showing the sun.

Prof. Dr. Adem Tatlı

Artificial selection occurs as a result of controlled breeding of domestic animals and plants. When it is decided what animal or plant to be produced by human hand, it will also be decided what genes will be transferred to future generations.

It is a fact that the genetic structures of organisms are changed. Whether this is religious or not does not eliminate this fact.

Getting the technological machines to do what the chicken does does not mean creating a law. On the contrary, it means to come to the conclusion by forming the conditions foreseen for the incubation period by Allah in another mechanism. Likewise, artificial selection, changing genes, changing hormones, and cloning take place with Allah's creation.

It is another issue whether Allah is pleased with them or not because there are two types of will of Allah. The first one is about creation, and the other one is about religious life. It is also up to Allah to create the things that the “willpower” about religious life is not pleased with.

For example, Allah states in the Qur'an that He does not show consent a person killing another person unfairly. However, Allah takes the lives of all those who are killed unfairly.

The summary of it is as follows: The causes coming together is actual prayer; and this thing happens after Allah accepts that prayer.

Similarly, all changes that have been made have to occur with the framework of actions, essences, and laws created by Allah. It is unthinkable that Allah shows consent to the changes - material or nonmaterial - which are harmful to humans. However, even if the actions of people are harmful, the creator of them is also Allah. It is Allah who makes the killer succeed in murder, the thief in theft - although He does not show consent to these actions - as a criterion of the fairness of the testing, who gives man what he wishes with his free will and who invents the points of creation.

It is understood from the Quranic verse below that people will make some changes in the creation of Allah through the suggestions of devils: “Satan said: … I will order them to deface the (fair) nature created by Allah.” (an-Nisa, 4/119)

In conclusion, we can say that no matter how the changes are made on organisms, we are grateful to Allah in return for the blessings we have received. For, the only Creator is Allah. However, the fact that Allah created them - as a necessity of being the only god and only creator - even if they are bad does not free the people who disrupt our health from responsibility.

The animal that is closest to man in terms of intelligence is the horse. The monkey is close to man in terms of anatomy. 

The fact that living things are similar and that DNA and cell structures have a lot in common is not an evidence for evolution but that the creator of all of them is the same.   

You know that the laws of growth, development and differentiation, and even reproduction in all plants, animals and humans are similar. Respiration and the use of air in living organisms take place based on the same laws in all living things. Most importantly, cells are renewed and changed all the time in all living things; biological changes continue until they die.

Endless knowledge and will, and endless power are necessary in order to do and manage them properly. Allah, who created them for the first time, is the one that will do them.

They cannot be the work of chance and nature.

It is necessary to know the levels of intelligence of both the ape and man in order to compare them in terms of intelligence. It is possible to present them in outline but it is not so easy to present their true values.

Some researchers claim that human beings can use only ten percent of their intelligence capacity. The measurement and function of intelligence is the subject of the researchers in this field. Research on these issues will probably continue until Doomsday but no one will be able to claim that they have settled it. For, when you solve something unknown, many other unknown issues emerge from it. 

The universe is thoroughly equipped with knowledge. What man needs to do is explain the book of the universe and to know its creator, worshipping Him and prostrating before Him by praising Him.

Those who want to use science in favor of the positivist philosophy based on atheism are interested in the theory of evolution more than others and they make a lot of fuss about it. For, the advocates of the philosophy of evolution do not accept a creator and attribute the emergence of man to chance and to the evolution of inferior life forms.

Heavenly religions declare that everything is the work and art of Allah, that even an atom is not unattended, that man is created directly as a human being in the most perfect way. They state that man has an obligation to obey and worship his creator, that the world is a place of testing, that man will be questioned for what he does or for his duties that he does not fulfill and that there is reward and punishment in the hereafter.

Man is tested through everything and any moment. The presentation of the philosophy of evolution under the name of scientific knowledge is one of the greatest tests today. Many people are under the influence of propaganda that science has proved evolution and hence there is no creator.

This is why the theory of evolution is insistently defended. In other words, they aim to deny and ignore the creator. 

An American science journal states that there are many transitional forms and that Tiktaalik is only one of them. Is it true?

It is not true. Tiktaalik is not a transitional form. It has nothing to do with reality and science.

Tiktaalik roseae is a species belonging to the extinct tetrapods (four-limbed) that lived during the Devonian period, that is, approximately 330,000,000 years ago.

Evolutionist scientists claim that it is a transitional form between fish and reptiles.

We have only the skull of Tiktaalik as a fossil. The eyes are on the skull, just like in crocodiles. The majority of scientists agree that it has the same structure as crocodiles and therefore this fossil belongs to a crocodile.

Evolutionist geologists and painters gave the skull of Tiktaalik a shape that resembles the appearance of a being that is half fish and half reptile by adding pieces of fish and reptile fossils found in the same layer as it, and filling the remaining parts with plaster. They claim this fraud of science to be a transitional form.

They present it those who are not in the field of biology as if it is a fact; besides they propagate that there are many transitional forms like that. What they do is not science, but an ideological study. Their goals and efforts aim to eliminate the creator and creation and to attribute everything to chance and nature.

Evolutionists carry out a great propaganda and campaign in the world in favor of evolution and against creation. Unfortunately, science is used as a tool for it to a great extent.

Impartial scientists in America complain that not only science journals but also religious journals are in the hands of the supporters of evolution and that facts are reversed.

All of the questions above are about Archaeopteryx's being a transitional form between reptiles and birds or not. A fossil discovered by the museum director Widword in 1861 was named Archaeopteryx and it was proposed as a transitional form between reptiles and birds. It was claimed as a result of the detailed studies done afterwards that the feather marks of this fossil on the stone were made manually, that is, they were fake, and that the fossil itself belonged to a lizard.

It is stated that this archaeopteryx fossil lived about 140 million years ago. However, a fossil called “the first bird” (Protoavis) that lived 225 million years ago was discovered by Sankar Chatterjee in the West Texas Desert. (Time, August 25, 1986, p. 36)

This fossil, which is understood to have lived on the earth 85 million years ago before the Archeopteryx, has the structure of a bird and is regarded as the ancestor of birds. In that case, Archaepteryx cannot be a transitional form.

I am not an expert on birds. We get this information from relevant resources and present them to you. Now I will quote from Alan Feduccia, who is an expert on birds, and present his views: Feduccia states the following:

“I have studied bird skulls for twenty-five years. I do not see any similarities whatsoever between them and dinosaurs. The theropod origins of birds, in my opinion, will be the greatest embarrassment of paleontology of the 20th century” (Shipman, P. Birds Do It…Did Dinosaurs? New Scientist, 1 February, 1997, p. 28)
When an expert talks about an issue, the others need to keep silent.

There is something about which I am curious. Are the friends who are asked these questions and who express them and deal with these kinds of issues experts on birds, or are they the ones who want to satisfy their curiosity and get information and benefit from the evolution studies on this issue? I have nothing to say to those in the first group. They examine the evidences that are put forward as a necessity of their profession, evaluate them and express their opinions.

If they are from the second group, I will give them the following advice: If you expect to get information and findings that will enlighten you and offer you rich and vast knowledge and benefit from here, I can definitely say that you are wrong. This field of evolution philosophy will batter you. It will destroy your eye and mind and sound ideas in you because people who do not have sufficient expertise and investigative beliefs related to these issues have always fallen into confusion spiritually and mentally. Something like that is definitely awaiting you.

I may explain what I mean here with an example: Suppose that one researcher found a fossil with the features of half a bird and half a reptile. Evolutionists who defend atheism will put forward this fossil as evidence for their claim that that birds evolved from reptiles by chance. What will you do in that case? Will you accept that living beings emerged from one another by chance as evolutionists claim and deactivate the creator? If you do so, it is inevitable for you to go mad in this field.

“Just as Allah creates every living being from a single cell today so too did He create such a living being in the past. Such abnormal structures cannot be the beginning and origin of a systematic chain.” If you can say that, there is no problem. Then, you will be safe from confusion and madness.

State the same thing in order to eliminate your hesitations and expectations regarding the issue and say, “The control of everything is in the hands of Allah. Even an atom is not outside His knowledge, will and power. Just as He creates the living and non-living beings of today so too did He create the beings in the past; He will create the beings in the future in the same way. Our duty is to examine those works of art and thank and praise Him for all the beings He bestowed upon us in this universe."

If you try to test whether Allah exists or not based on the evidence for the existence or non-existence of a number of fossils in the past, you will lose at the beginning. For, none of those who entered this field with such an expectation was able to survive. You cannot be an exception. Therefore, do not dive blindly into the quagmire whose depth you do not know. Your regret will be too late.

Since it is not possible to show the existence or non-existence of the umbilical cord in the first human beings, an interpretation can be made only according to some causes and the wisdom in creation.

As it is known, a person is fed through the umbilical cord in the mother’s womb. Since he is fed orally when he comes to the world, this opening in the navel closes in time and only a certain trace remains. Since there was no feeding from the mother in the creation of the first man, the umbilical cord should not exist. God Almighty gives man’s sustenance without the umbilical cord too. Allah, who feeds and develops the chick in the egg without an umbilical cord, definitely fed and developed the first man and our father Hz. Adam, and Hz. Hawwa our mother.

Atheists try to mislead people by demagogy and wordplay here. Man develops from a cell and differentiates, assuming a human form, whether he has an umbilical cord or not. What is more, thousands of cells of each person are changed and renewed every moment. The person one second later is not the same person as one second before. We call these changes and differentiations evolution in the sense of perfection; that is, attaining perfection by developing and differentiating. This kind of development is a law. This law is valid for all beings in the living and non-living universe. If they call this evolution, they must express their claim that a living being comes into being by chance from another living being by using another word. They call both of them evolution through demagogy. However, changes in the sense of differentiation and perfection are a law.

The change and differentiation that they claim to have occurred in the sense of evolution is not based on facts. It is a hypothetical and philosophical thought.

That the living beings have similar structures (two eyes, two ears and one nose) is evidence for planned and programmed creation, not for evolution.

Let us consider the two eyes in man: If the eyes had formed by coincidence and by chance as evolutionists claim, the number of the eyes could have been one, three, four, five, etc.

Having two eyes is one of the infinite possibilities. Suppose that you had two eyes by chance. Your brother’s having two eyes is one of the infinite possibilities too. In short, having two eyes in all humans is an infinite possibility. This means that the presence of two eyes in every human being shows a creator that has infinite knowledge, will and power.

Now let us have a look at the shape of the eye: The eyes in man could have been like a cow's eyes or like a fly’s eyes. In short, there is an infinite possibility of sizes along with its present size.

All those possibilities did not take place and your eyes, your brother's eyes and other people’s eyes were determined to have the same size.

The eye could have been in any place on the body. If everything had been the work of coincidence and chance as evolutionists claim, one eye could have been in the hand and the other at the back of the head. One of the eyes of your brother could have been in his hand and the other under his foot.

In short, the places of the eyes would have been as different as the number of the people. However, you can see that it is not like that. Every human eye has the same characteristics in terms of both number, place and function.

The same thing is valid for the ear, tongue, brain and foot. They all show that the one who created them is one, and that He has infinite knowledge, will and power.

That a product produced under a brand is of the same type and structure proves that they are not produced coincidentally; it proves that they have the same planner and master.

The existence of system and order everywhere, from an atom to a cell, from a cell to a fly wing, from a fly wing to moving stars and galaxies, does not leave any room for polytheism and partnership. It eliminates the possibility of formation through coincidence and unconscious nature. It shows Allah's existence and unity.

All beings in the universe are the work of Allah. Since the world is a world of testing and wisdom, God Almighty creates everything based on a reason. He made the apple tree a reason for the apple, the chicken for the egg, the lamb for the sheep, and the mother and father for the child. In fact, it is Allah who creates the causes and reasons too.

Although creation that takes place today is like that, it is not possible to explain the issue of the first creation of each living species based on the causes today. That is, a frog and its egg are the causes for the frog to come into being. However, since they were absent in the first creation, one should not seek a cause in the creation of the first frog.

What is meant by the frog’s coming into being suddenly is to express that it did not form as a frog after existing in a number of different living bodies, but that it was created directly as a frog. We do not know the truth about it. There might or might not be a period, a gradual development in the first creation of the frog and every other living species.

Today, chicks emerge from chicken eggs after a certain time. In the creation of the first chicken, a chick may have emerged from an egg. There is no difference in terms of creation between the creation of that single first egg and the formation of the chicken from the egg, whether it happened in a single moment or in a certain amount of days.

Since nobody saw the first creation of living species and since it is not possible to repeat it under those original conditions, it is impossible to prove it scientifically. It is necessary to show respect to every idea and thought to be put forward as long as it attributes the creation of every living species to Allah and it does not contradict what the verses of the Quran and hadiths state. Each one may have some truth. Islam encourages research, thinking and reasoning at this point on the condition that the universe is seen as the work of Allah.

In conclusion, the first creation of each living species may have taken place gradually, like the hatching of a chick from a chicken egg in twenty-one days, that is, in a certain period of time, or they may have been created in a single moment. However, in this creation, it is not possible for a living species to form another living species by changing in terms of biological and genetic structure. The genetic structure of each living species is peculiar to itself, and it is not scientifically possible for it to remain unchanged and to produce another living being at the same time by changing completely; that is, a fish cannot remain as a fish and form a frog at the same time by changing.

The answer to them is within the question. Look what they say:

“Fish is a taxonomic class. There are 28.000 living and hundreds of thousands of extinct fish species. They all have different characteristics but there is a smooth transition between them.”

We say the same thing. There are thousands of fish. They are not the same as if they are photocopied paper. Besides, no members of a living group are the same. Are people the same as photocopy paper? If it were so, how would we distinguish people?

The genetic structure constituted by each species can be considered to be a pool. It is called a gene pool. For example, if a Chinese and an Arab got married, their genetic characteristics coming from their ancestors since Hz. Adam would be assumed as a gene pool. An individual is created based on matchings and interactions among those genes. This individual will not resemble any other relative 100%. Each individual will have characteristics with certain proportions.

That is what they call smooth transition. That is, this individual is neither a Chinese nor an Arab fully in terms of race. They are the changes that science shows and are seen by our eyes. Nobody has an objection to it. They show combinations within a species or in the gene pool as evidence that new and different species will occur and suggest that they claim that this change will take place over a long period of time. According to them, time is a magic pool. If a cat entered that pool, it would become a lion, a wolf, etc. Such a thought is nonsense, not knowledge.

Similarly, there will definitely be many differences in the gene pool formed by fish. However, the fish to occur will be fish again no matter what its form, shape and length are like. Unlike what they claim, frogs from fish, snakes and crocodiles from frogs did not and will not occur immediately with the ebb of the water.

Finches are like that too. There are species with beak structures of different lengths. When there is food shortage in some arid years, the number of short-billed finches decreases; it increases in rainy years. Finches have no other characteristics. Nobody has witnessed a nightingale coming from a finch so far.

Instead of spending time with this type of internet gossip, if you fulfill your duty to know Allah and to worship Him, which is the purpose of man’s being sent to the world, you will be saved from the penalty of Hell awaiting you and you will enter the path of eternal Paradise. If you are very curious about the creation of man and other beings, you should listen to Allah and the Prophet as much as you listen to scientists and philosophers because they are the authority in this issue. For, it is Allah Who created all beings, and it is His Prophet who knows about it.

You will not be asked how fish and finches were created when you go to the hereafter. You know about it, too. You will be asked whether you worshipped or not, whether you read the Quran or not and whether you learned and practiced the Sunnah of the Prophet or not.

Satan and some demonized people keep you unnecessarily busy by putting forward the views of the atheists about the occurrence of beings and humans so that you will go to the hereafter with empty hands and by regretting.

It is important to know that regretting there will be of no good. Satan and the demonized people will move away from you there. They will be busy with their own trouble.

A sane person prepares for the hereafter when there is time. He does not spend time with unnecessary and useless rumors.

What is meant in this question is the claim that some speciation was observed among wasps arising from feeding differences.

First of all, the feeding difference of bees is not a new phenomenon. In other words, it is not something observed by preparing a new food medium in the laboratory.

It was previously thought that the feeding of wasps was based only on the fruit fly that fed on hawthorn trees. It was understood in the 1850s that bees also preferred fruit flies that fed on apple trees. In other words, it is understood that the wasps observed among the wasps and expressed as six species existed in the past too.

Even if all this is not taken into consideration, intra-species differentiations are always possible because not all members of a species are the same as if they were photocopied.

Every individual has a number of different characteristics and structure differences. Therefore, the sum of the characters of the members of a species is called a gene pool.

As a result of the mating of individuals in this gene pool, it is possible for new structures and characteristics to emerge as a result of the combination of differences each individual takes from their parents. However, these variations do not display a change that is enough to go beyond that basic type.

For instance, a child's eye color consists of a combination of the eye color characteristics that his mother and father have. The eye color of his mother and father is a combination of the characteristics of all of his ancestors beginning from Hz. Adam.

It is necessary to view the issue like that.

It is not scientific to make a generalization that there are transitions between large groups and basic units acting upon intra-species variations.

Each large group of living beings was created separately because the genetic structure does not show a big change to bring about different groups as it is claimed.

For instance, there are variety differences among the types of corns such as flint corn, sweet corn and starch corn. New varieties or types are expected when they are crossed over or crossbred. It is no evidence for evolution in the sense of the claimed evolution. That is, it is not scientific to claim that large, basic, different genetic types such as beans from corn, wheat from beans and potatoes from wheat occurred with these changes.

Likewise, the differences that occur due to some feeding differences among the wasps keep them within the borders of wasps. For instance, 6 species that are known today in the basic bee type of wasps may just as well be 16 species for a number of reasons. However, all of them are within the basic type of wasp.

In other words, it is not possible for another basic type like a bird to occur through the evolution of wasps.

The view that the organs that are used develop and the organs that are not used atrophy and disappear was put forward by Lamarck in his book called “Philosophy of Biology” published in 1809. As a matter of fact, it was claimed based on this view that the neck of the giraffe was initially short and it got longer over time because it extended its neck to obtain its food from high branches.

However, the studies on the genetic characteristics of living beings for the past fifty years have shown that changes in body cells that are called soma cells are not transferred to offspring. That is, they have no hereditary features. For example, a person whose arm or foot has been amputated in any way does not pass this feature to their offspring.

Only a change in the genetic structure of the gametes called sex cells or a change that can occur in the genetic structure of the zygote formed by the combination of these cells when it is still a single cell is transferred to offspring.

In short, scientific studies show that the organs that are used or not used cannot be evidence for evolution because the change in an organ in this way is not transferred to offspring since there is no genetic change.

Therefore, the eyes of bats are not vestigial organs transferred to them by their lower level ancestors, as evolutionists claim. They were created directly as bats and their eyes were created like that. There are bat fossils dating back to millions of years ago. They have the same structures as the bats today.

The duty of revealing why those eyes were created and what roles they play in that living being belongs to science. It will be understood by research. Evolutionists prefer the easy way and present their philosophical thoughts like this one, which are not based on any laboratory research, as scientific knowledge by calling the organs whose duties have not yet been discovered vestigial organs.

What you should say to them is that there is no scientific evidence for the claim that unused organs are atrophied and that this view is a positivist philosophical thought completely dependent on atheist ideology.

Every living thing, including whales, snakes and dogs, has been created according to a multi-purpose program. There is no extra or missing organ in their bodies. An organ generally has more than one duty.

The duty of biologists is to show the functions and duties of each organ. However, some biologists take the easy way out and describe the organ whose duty they do not know as unnecessary and extra. They even acts a bit ideologically and claim that the organs that they regard as having no duty remained from those animals’ primitive ancestors that they claim those animals evolved from.

The view ‘if an organ is used, it will develop, and if it is not used, it will atrophy’ put forward by Lamarck in the last century has no scientific value. Changes in the soma cells of a living being do not pass to its offspring. For example, the children of a person whose arm has been cut off will not be born without arms.  However, the changes in reproductive cells and zygotes pass on to the offspring. Therefore, no organ of the whale atrophied because it was not used in the past generation and took its present form.

The structures included in the question that are claimed to constitute evidence for evolution are always dealt with the ideology of Lamarck and they are considered as organs remaining from ancestors of these creatures supposed to have lived in the past. If the biologists had done serious research on what the functions of those organs were instead of claiming that they were unnecessary, it would definitely have been revealed that those organs had more than one duty for those living beings and that they were vital organs.

It should be known that this type of opinion, which is claimed as evidence for evolution and which claims that some extra organs are useless has no scientific value and should not be taken seriously. For, an issue that does not enter the laboratory and cannot be tried is a philosophical thought, not scientific knowledge.

Let alone an extra organ, even an atom is not unnecessary in a living being. Each atom has at least one specific duty in the living being it exists. How can an organ be considered unnecessary for a living being even if an atom is not unnecessarily present in its body?

Allah has created nothing in vain and at large. As a necessity of the His name Hakim (the All-Wise), everything is created based on measurements, a system, an order, a plan and wisdom.