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Man is composed of the body and the soul. The body is a structure which consists of flesh and bones and originally earth and which maintains its life thanks to the proteins coming from the earth which have undergone chemical and physical change; and this structure is to turn into earth when it dies.

The soul, on the other hand, is a Divine command that comes from Allah and makes the body alive, grants it the ability to see and feel.

Let us think of a dead man; all his body, hands, arms, brain, eyes, heart, is exactly where they are to be. If we tell this person a joke, ask him a puzzle, tell fearsome stories and sorrowful events, does he react to what we say in any way?

What happened to that man, who, when alive, laughed at every joke, became sad at every sorrowful event, who would get scared, happy, sad? Actually, the crucial question is, what leaves the body when one dies without which there is no happiness or sorrow? The answer is the soul.

It means what produces our feelings and what is the source of emotions is the soul. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain away such notions as happiness, idea, thought with an electrical flow between the organs of body. Thanks to the soul, there are feelings. When the trust of the soul is taken away, feelings and ideas abandon the body, too.

During dreams, the soul does not leave the body. The soul has the ability to be present in other places without leaving the body. Indeed, the souls of those who have purified themselves can be present in many places at a time. Abdulqadir Gilani was seen in more than forty places at a time.

During dreams, too, the human soul is connected to the body. However, while dreaming, different windows are opened to various places and realms and the soul views those realms through these windows. It can contact with other people’s souls.
Sleep is a vital need for humans and God created daytime as the time for working for livelihood and the night as the time for sleeping and resting. Sleeping is not nothingness but is a time for resting.

Almost everybody agrees that human has two basic components: Soul and self. First, we need to distinguish between soul and self and point out how they two appear, and then answer the question.

Science cannot carry out experiments about soul and self. On the other hand, it can get some results indirectly, through examining the effects that these two leave on human. What psychology and parapsychology do today is this anyway. For instance, drawing conclusions about dreams on body examinations, which take place while sleeping can be considered among this type of indirect examinations.

Human soul constantly longs for his homeland, the hereafter and yearn for it. Yet for a certain time he cannot do it since he is confined to his bodily-cage. On the other hand, the self continuously seeks comfort and welfare and instills them into mans will. As a result, man is under the influence of these two elements. Whichever appears dominant, s/he is forced to that way.

As for music whatever music addresses mans agreeable feelings, brings about decrease in his worldly lusts, and an increase in seeking the hereafter further, we can say that this kind of music is beneficial. However, whatever music addresses mans carnal desires and keeps him/her away from his/her lofty feelings, it is clear that this kind of music is not any nourishment to his/her soul, but poison.

A human being consists of body and soul. Body is like a vehicle and device for soul. Soul owns body and uses it as it wishes. Imam al-Ghazali likened the body to a city and the soul to the governor of that city. There are many proofs to the existence of soul. In this article, we would like to list some of those proofs.

1- Everyone often talks about themselves. They say “in my opinion”, “myself” and shortly they say “me”. When we search for this “me ’s place in our body, we cannot see anything but only human cells. And we cannot see anything other than the facts about cells in them. So, where this “me” could be?

2- Human body is constantly changing. In every minute our body produces innumerable hormones and enzymes; many cells die and they are replaced by the new ones in our bodies. Our cells refresh with the food we intake, and at the same time the substances in cells are replaced by new ones. In this way, a human being changes completely –even the cells- in a matter of a few years. It is a medical fact that our current body will be scattered around in a while and it will regenerate with totally new substances. However, the “me” stays the same although the person changes including his atoms, which are invisible. If we consider that man consists of only physical body and deny the existence of soul, how can we explain it?

3- When we want to do something or say something, how do we come up with this idea? From whence does the idea come? Who speaks it?

4- For instance, when we want to walk, innumerable mechanisms become active with a complicated chain of movements and enable us to walk. Yet, we are not even aware of it at that moment. So what can be the power which organizes those innumerable occurrences and prevents any error from happening?

5- What is the power that provides human beings with movement ability and pursues its aliveness?

6- What is the difference between alive and dead? Why is a human nothing but a pile of flesh when he/she dies, although the body, brain, heart and all neural system inside body stay the same?

7- Let us think about how a cell works. Innumerable incidents happen and the life in a cell pursues properly. A great attentiveness attracts out attention in the mechanism, as if it was all sized up. Not any confusion or danger emerges. So, what is it that makes this perfect organization which we are not even aware of?

8- What manages the complicated actions in a cell? We can answer as “nucleus”. And nucleus is managed by enzymes and the genes in DNA via RNA. Shortly, it can be said that the highest level of DNA which is the brain of the cell is equal to the total of the genes in it. Yet, if we ask what manages DNA, what can the answer be?

9- Let us ask the same question for human brain. Brain manages the body. And brain has got upper centers and lower centers. Some centers are under the control of others. What is the highest center; what is the highest level? Is it cortex? Maybe, yes, because conscious working and our will is related to cortex. However, this cannot be the highest level, because, a person falls into sleep or in narcosis and has hallucinations when there is a disorder in reticular formation even though the cortex is undamaged. In this sense, a highest level in the brain cannot be determined. An approximate conclusion can be made: The highest level of the brain is its total. It is only when every part of the brain is really normal and healthy that any part can carry out its duty properly. So, what is the highest level that controls the brain?

A human being is consists of body and soul. Death happens when soul leaves the body and the soul goes to its real place. And this place is determined by how the soul used the body in earthly life.

As Ibrahim Hakki of Erzurum said:

“How could you recognize the King of the universe if Allah did not make you the King of this body and entrust the management to you?”

The false belief that says souls travel between bodies is called tanasuh, with its common use reincarnation. According to this belief, bodies are just like moulds of souls. A soul migrates from a mould to another, from a body to another. The soul of a man, after leaving the body, enters into a body of an animal, which lives in sky, on earth or in the sea and then goes to another animal, after that enters into a body of human being and goes on.

Even some ancient tribes believed that the soul had migrations from a body to another, first to mines later to plants and after that to human beings alternately. Pythagoras tried to give a philosophical form to it by saying the soul changes its body until it prevails upon the matter. This belief dates back to ancient times and mainly primitive people having simple beliefs accepted it. Those, who did not believe in the Scriptures and who are far away from notifications of prophets, became obsessed in this belief since they couldnt understand Gods eternal and permanent stages in hereafter, or since they thought they would quieten the outcries of eternity in their natures and satisfy their wishes in this way, because they couldnt understand these with their narrow minds. In time, it is even covered with a view of philosophy.

A Brief History of Reincarnation:
There are different views about where reincarnation appeared first. According to some sources, the source of this theory is Egypt. Historian Herodotus also had the similar thoughts. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that the soul of a dead person continued his life in animals bodies, especially birds and snakes. Egyptians used to believe that the soul entered into an animals body immediately after death and after visiting bodies of many animals, it came back to his own body (body of human).At the age of Pharaohs; this belief effected construction of the pyramids.
In some sources, it is said that Pythagoras carried that outmoded belief to Greek people and via Greeks; it was carried to the West.
In the Orient, It is seen in India widespread. People who believed in hot zones of rivers Ganj and Sent used to believe that souls would live in bodies of birds after death.
When investigated, it is seen that this false belief also existed in religions of primitive tribes before ancient Egypt and India. Similarly, we can see traces of reincarnation belief in totems.
Early people used to believe that souls migrated not only to human bodies but also to animals, plants, and lifeless existences. So, migration of the soul to another human body was called Nash, migration to an animal body that is suitable for features of his soul was called Mash, migration to plants was called Rash migration to mines and lifeless stuffs was called Fash.
This false belief appeared in ancient Greece, Egypt, India, China, and Iran in different ways. For example in India reincarnation belief was generalized to all existences and turned into mystic forms in Buddhism and Brahmanism. In conclusion this belief was accepted; Souls who dont have sins and are clean reach nirvana and sinner souls live in bodies of animals until they get cleaned.
Ancient Egyptians accepted it as a migration only from human body to animal and from animal back to human body.
In ancient Greece, as far as understood from history of philosophy, it was tried to cloth reincarnation a philosophical form by first Pythagoras, Plato, and later Neo-Platonists.
This belief, originated in Egypt, was put into mystic form in India, philosophical form in Greece. It was given the cover of ethical profession and religion in Iran. This belief had believers in religious groups like Zoroastrians and Mazdaki.
In Iran, this philosophy, dating back to ancient history, passed to some branches of Shiite. Unfortunately, even this science and information century, we encounter people having these beliefs. Those people are the ones who are in primitive ages in mind and who suffer depression in upheaval of present world.
We see that reincarnation belief which existed in ancient Greece, India, Egypt and in Mesopotamia lost its effect slowly by spread of heavenly religions especially Islam and faded away from the life of thoughts totally.
We sometimes encounter people who want to re-exhibit this sophistry. First of them are French Charles Fourrier and Pierre Lerou. Both them are strict socialists. They do not believe in souls regarding their ideology. These materialistic people strictly follow the reincarnation belief to harm the belief of hereafter thus finding reasons for their perverted ideologies.
Now they are materialistic tricky (people) who believe this superstition who want to disseminate and propagandize it.

Evidences Indicating Invalidity of Reincarnation
Reincarnation that is opposed to faiths and essentials of all heavenly religions has no scientific base. Total number of believers of reincarnation is so low that it is not worth counting statistically. Before the proves that rebut the assertions I want to mention that; All the existences in the universe from stars to motes are under the possession and domination of an absolute Will, comprehensive Knowledge, prevalent Power signs of an order. That means, all existences do exist and stop existing by Gods actions and regulations. They become active by permission of absolute Knowledge and Will. That majestic Sun those vast systems have moved and done work without fail since they were created, and this shows that souls and bodies cannot be without control, cannot defy the system. Notion of reincarnation that takes the soul out of the system is diametrically contrary to wisdom of God is a big slander to His holy attributes like beneficence, generosity and benevolence, munificence.
Wisdom and Mercy of God rejects that nasty superstition. Will the heavenly Power that make man vicegerent and sultan of world, that assigns heavens and earth to his service and create him in a high rank, perfectly and bestow him with comprehensive capabilities, make the soul which has those properties travel into the bodies of mice, dogs, snakes even monkeys? Will his justify and wisdom, His mercy and compassion, benevolence and bestowment let this be? Will that situation befit to His reputation.
Our religion gives so much value to human that it does not let graves be stepped on. How can God who does not let bones and soils which have bones in it be stepped on make souls of man travel into bodies of animals?
Will God put soul of man, who gets angry when called dog into a body of a dog and let it be tied to his sons door or put it into a body of donkey and let it carry his son on his back.
Notion of reincarnation is also opposed to promise of God .Requirements of His demands and prohibitions will certainly come true. He promises paradise for believers, He will carry out this promise. He will punish wicked those denying His deity, non-believers and discard sowers of dissent with eternal torment. Believers will be rewarded and non-believers and discard sowers of dissent will not be able to escape from torment with their notion of reincarnation.

Notion of reincarnation is also opposed to the fact of existences of prophets and Holy Scriptures. If souls were without control and were free in their moves, we would not need prophets and Scriptures. The greatest assertion of the Prophet after existence of God and divine is to make people believe in eternal life, hereafter. God sent them to provide human race with progress and maturation and to turn their views of life towards the direction of eternal life. Reincarnation is diametrically contradicted with the facts of existences of Scriptures and assignments of the prophets.
Holy Koran, which tells that man is created as a fortunate existence and heavens and earth, day and night, animals and plants are given to his command and he is assigned as a vicegerent to earth and was created in highest rank as a noble existence and some sort of angels strive to take care and protect him, and that he was rewarded to have an eternal life and that believers will be in paradise and non-believers in Hell permanently, completely rejects the notion of reincarnation.
After some explanation about inconsistency of reincarnation, let us to expound the subject in detail.
Inconsistency of Reincarnation in Respect of Logic and Law:
If reincarnation existed and was real, it would include all people. Majority of people would be supposed to remember ex-bodies they lived in and to remember actions they did when they were in them before moving into their present bodies. Demonstrating a superstition that billions of people do not live, know and believe has no value in aspect of logic. For what reasons is this superstition put into peoples minds? To tell the truth, it is thought provoking and teach lesson.
There are three groups of people claiming about reincarnation. These are a few children, psychopaths, and ideological tricksters.
So far, only a few children have claimed that they lived in different bodies. But the remarks of the children who are only about six and seven have no value in respect of law and science, because, they are not adults. No assertion can be proved by the remarks of the children who live their childhood that cannot distinguish the right from the wrong that cannot perceive the difference between right and wrong. They may be under some psychological effects like making the surrounding busy with them and gathering attention, getting prestige, being known, and getting well-done. Therefore, their fantastic and trivial remarks cannot have scientific and legal value.
According the researches, total number of the children who are claimed to have had reincarnation is not more than three or five. The evidence that all the supporters of reincarnation rely on is just the illogical remarks of those children.
To tell about psychopaths, these are mentally ill; their remarks have various contradictions. It is clear that it is nonsense to have comment on remarks of those people. Their declarations are legally invalid and are not taken seriously.
The third group that accepts the notion is insincere and trickster people who have actions for a certain ideology. Some materialistic and irreligious people who dont believe in God and in hereafter make up unreal events and use some people like a tape recorder and cause unrest in the society for money and for their benefit to deliberately spoil the society, to damage peoples faith and break religious tendencies.
As a consequence, we cannot call that superstition which is based on unfounded assertions of a group of psychopath and some trickster people as a reality.
Reincarnation Is Opposed to Laws of Creation:
There are numberless laws that sustain the order of universe and that are made for continuation of life. Harmony, discipline, order, and balance are sustained with these laws. Maker of these laws that include the entire universe and that sustain the balance and embrace all the universe is God.
Laws seen everywhere in the universe like laws of rate, balance, mercy, compassion training shows that nothing in the universe from stars to atoms is free. And that rejects notion of reincarnation. Let us mention on three of them in short.
Reincarnation is opposed to Law of Rate and Balance in the Universe.
All the things in the universe are the results of a planning and programming. A dress sewn with care makes known a fitting book, skill, knowledge and measure of the tailor, likewise measure, tidiness, harmony, esthetics of all things created in the universe make known law of measure and balance, it shows justice, knowledge, wisdom and will of God. When we have a careful look on the universe, we will see that these two laws are recourses of beauty, harmony, balance, and measure and attraction of all things. Because, beauty and esthetic require a careful measure, a precise instrument, a high harmony and accord.

We will try to explain the law of balance with a few examples.
There are some laws that help man live .Catabolism of fats and nutrition in the body and turning into energy occur in an absolute balance. There is also balance between the sun and the earth, the ebb and the flow of the tides indicates that the balance between the moon and the earth. Useful and harmful microbes multiply in a balance. Multiplying of all animals also occur in a balance. Then it is certain that there is a law of balance in the universe, and nothing can go out of it.
Movements of the earth, occurrence of the seasons occur according to this law. System of all atoms is connected to the law of balance. All the places in the heavens, all the systems of galaxies stand in a balance. As it is seen, there exists a law of balance that embraces all parts of the universe.
The law of balance has versatility like physical balance in the universe, biological balance, the balance between the body and the soul.
Catabolism and transformation of fats and nutrition in bodies of all living beings is in an absolute balance. Birth, growing up, nourishment and eventual death of all living beings indicate biological law of balance.
When it comes to physical balance, all places, galaxies, and milky ways in the heaven exist by the law of physical balance. From atomic systems to solar systems are all included in this law. Physical structure and balance of all bodies are arranged according to their duties. For example, physical structures of the sun and the moon suitable to their duties that are substitutes of their souls. One of them cannot substitute the other.
We see that the universe is totally measured and balanced by a divine pair of compasses and underwent a perpetual control and watch in his prevalent pincers.
The law of balance exists between bodies and souls of all animals. God clothed each soul with a body that is suitable for its character and nature. For example, body of a sheep is suitable for its easygoing soul. That soul cannot be a monster even if it takes head and claw of a lion.
Souls of animals have differences among them. For example, souls of a gazelle and a lion, a fish and a bird are different in nature, and wish, shortly in character, they have different degrees.
The laws that occur comprehensively in the universe show that God does not drop the soul of man whom He created perfectly, into the lowest level. He never puts the soul of man who lives in a palace into a hare living in its lair or into a frog swimming in the lake or into a cat chasing after a mouse. These treats are contrary to the law of balance explained above.
2-Reincarnation is opposed to the law of difference.
God preserves personality and character of each animal. We call it law of difference
Each specious in the universe has its own nature. Character of a creature cannot be transformed to another character. The natures of living beings cannot be transformed to their opposites. They never lose their features. For example, features of an apple cannot leave the apple itself. They cannot be taken out. It never becomes a pear or cherry.
This law is also valid in the sun, stars, rivers, mountains, because, in the universe, each creature is unique in its personality. For example, there is no other Ararat mountain or the Nile on the earth. Even seas preserve their personality and do not mix each other.
This law works so effectively and delicately that not only all specious even each living beings is different from the others in marked differences, peculiar features, distinguishing properties. For example, each man has differences from the other people in creation from his face to his fingerprints. This law is made to protect the law among the existences. If all people had similar sorts of features, nobody would know no one, unrest would occur and the law would be spoiled and invalid.
It is known that features and characters of existences cannot be separated from their disposition. Let us think about a bee and a fly, they have different body structures and they are different in detail. For example one of their foot structure is not similar to the other ones., they are distinguished in various features.
Apart from their organs, they are also different in soul and capabilities. A soul of one of them likes garden of flowers while the other one likes sewerage. With this binocular of example, we can look on other specious of animals. No animal can leave its peculiar features and migrate to another specious. This condition appears more clearly between human beings and other animal specious.
If a soul of a man travels into an animal body, he would go with his mind and thoughts, with his way of speaking and writing, with his sense of art and capabilities, shortly with all his features. Then, there would be philosophers, scientists among the animals. They would have culture and civilization, art and literature.
As the law of difference requires, there cant be reincarnation from human to human as well as between animals and human beings and from animal to animal. A man cannot have an absolute resemblance to another man with his knowledge and mind, trust and belief, his intelligence and mercy, his devotion and heroism. For example, Imam Ghazali has a sublime soul and conscience, and then if reincarnation were real, we would have lots of Ibn Sinai, Plato. However, that has not happened in real. A man keeps his disposition and personality both in school life and after graduation and this shows that all his features will be preserved after death. He, with this disposition, will account for his life in small details in the Great Judgment. Gods lofty justice will come so comprehensively that not only human beings but also even all animals will resurrected with their own dispositions and undergo a judgment. Realization of this truth requires the law of difference.
The greatest aim, wisdom, and result of the law of difference are in the hereafter. In the hereafter on the scale called mizan which sins and good deeds of humans are weighed as Koran says, whoever does an atoms weight of good and evil will see it. Because of this accounting, each person who has right for paradise will have different favors and bounties according to his deeds, good actions, and duties. And each person from the people of Hell will suffer torment according to his quantity of sins and faults. Realization of this truth requires preservation of each person his disposition and personality and distinguishing from other living beings.
Reincarnation is also opposed to the law of sustenance, which is the law of Gods giving creatures necessary things for continuances of their life.
Sustenance of each specious is allocated according to disposition personality and importance of that specious. Since God gave man the highest rank which includes the conscious, mind and faculty of speech, he gave the most exceptional, extraordinary and nutritious bounties to him. For example while a chicken is fed with fodder and millet, a man eats chickens and eggs. While sheep eat grass and straw, a man eats meat and drink milk. Even in life, we regard protocol in invitation and acceptance, so Munificent One will of course; will not put him into body of an animal. His wisdom and mercy will not let this happen.
Reincarnation Ruins Honor and Value of Humanity
God created man in the highest rank. He assigned all plants and animals as servant for him. For example, a tree with its fruits, a cow with his milk, and sheep with its flesh are made to work for the service of him. He is the ornament of the universe and vicegerent on the earth. God created the palace of universe with all the things in it, organized, and coordinated it for man. Greatness and majesty of this palace shows honor acceptance of that guest and shows importance of him for Allah.
Man is created to believe in and worship for God. Regarding this wisdom, he is bestowed with precious properties and comprehensive faculties. Yes man has the supreme trust that heavens and earth cannot bear. Of courses, man who is the result of the universe must have a greater and more important aim than the universe.
This aim is, as mentioned above, acknowledgement of God and trying to be a loyal slave to Him. To assent to Him and try to gain His consent and thus gain the right to live in paradise and have an everlasting life both in soul and body.
This false belief of reincarnation is opposed to character and the reality of human being and is opposed to the value given to him. All-Compassionate who gives that value to human being doesnt humiliate, diminish and devaluate his soul by lowering its level and never puts it into a body of a weak animal which serve to him. He does not lower the soul, which is created in value of brilliant, to the level of coal.
The Notion of Reincarnation is opposed to the Demand and Will of God.
Administration of God comprehends all the things. Human being, like all the creatures, is not out of this administration.
Man is in a constant change with his thoughts, tendencies, and wishes. All this changes occur both in respect of time and in respect of place. The fact that we know and live currently is mentioned by God in many verses in different aspects. We mention some of them in translation.
We created man from an essence of clay; then turned him into a sperm drop in a safe place; then changed the sperm drop into a clot of blood and clot into a piece of flesh; then turned the piece of flesh into bones; then clothed the bones with flesh and brought him forth as quite a different creation. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators. Then after that, you will surely die. Then surely you will be raised upon the day of Resurrection.
These verses show that man is under the administration of only God in all situations, levels, and phases he underwent from the creation until the day of Resurrection. In these verses, secrets and wisdoms pertaining to creation are told in nine levels.
God says that when there were no mould and shape o man and without need of a human seed, He created Adam (pbuh) from an essence of clay faultless and without copying.
He declares the creation of white blood, sperm that moved into womb for continuance of human generation. He legalizes the continuance of the generation. He clearly shows His great power.
He says that disposition of man was turned from a sperm drop to a clot and shows advance and training in the change.
Then, he states that this disposition was turned into apiece of flesh from a clot of blood.
After that, shows to mind the columns and pillars that consist of framework of body. That is the phase of way into creation of bones from a piece of flesh.
After this phase, by stating that the bones were clothed with flesh, He again shows the beauty and the wisdom in His administration to our conscience and minds. With the sentence of Then we built him with a totally different creation and invent by showing all material and spiritual gadgets given to man, He expresses how man is created as a delicate nice and perfect being. Now, creation of man is completed, the creation man who is a criteria for realms in the universe and who is a criteria for actions of God and who is the list of things that belongs to the names of God and that has the worth to wonder at, and who is a masterpiece of creation with his body and build, his perception and sense, his conscience, soul and heart. God who gives these properties to human being is, of course, best of creatures. Would God, who creates man in that high rank, drop mans level to animals.
He says that we will be made to die by His will.
The nine stages mentioned in the verses show that no stage of life, no moment of life is out of Gods administration and will. The wisdom behind Gods creation of man in such a high rank is to commit to him supreme trust and great offers.

It is for him to register his being vicegerent on the earth with his will, life and philosophy. It is for him to show his candidacy for eternal bliss with his belief his moral values his actions and life. Of course God will leave man to his own devices neither in the world nor in the in the hereafter. By the demand of verse of Koran, Resurrection will come true and each person will account for his actions. One of the greatest assertions of prophets is the hereafter. Apart from this fact, three fifth of Koran mention about the Resurrection and the hereafter. Apprehensions of supporters of reincarnation have no value against the fact which is as clear as sunshine.
The False Belief Reincarnation is Also Opposed to the Will of Man:
When we regard migration of a soul from a body of any animal to another and then from there to other bodies as an idea, we have two possibilities.
Reincarnation occurs either in permission of Gods demand and will or occur by the souls own prefer and will. Impossibility of former one has been understood by above explanations. As for the second possibility, we have two ways; the migration of a soul from a body to another with his prefers and will. Soul has this migration either consciously or unconsciously. If soul has no conscious, it is impossible for him to have preference, because his actions are out of mind and conscious. The possibility of soul is choosing a body with his will is a shameful sophistry based on numberless impossibilities. To explain more:
To claim that soul has the control his will means accepting that soul has the ability for having preferences He has ability to prefer, then it will be accepted that soul has conscious and reasoning. Considering that soul had a conscious and reason, then it would never prefer to enter into a body of animal. We can infer that, it is impossible for soul of human being to move into bodies of animals and plants.
Let us assume that a soul migrates to bodies of animals by his will. Then we have hopelessly confused problems. For example, according to this theory, the soul must be ready around the testicle or gene and chromosome of numberless animals, which live in weather on land and in sea. Not only a human mind but also even an animal cannot accept such a false illogical idea. Another idea that is illogical; a soul must be ready in the place where parents have sexual relationship at the time of mating. Then where is the turn of duty of the soul at that time.
The soul either waits or inside, there appears these paradoxes: we are to accept that an agreement was made between soul and male and female genes accumulated in uterus, womb, sexual organs, sexual desire, energy for sexual desire, the body generating that energy, the food that feed the body shortly between these and the universe. Impossibility of this is so clear. For example, male and female genes work according to law of desire and appetite. However, this law is comprehensive. To give that law, which comprehends all layers of life, under the serve and will of a weak soul and male and female genes is madness and rejection of God. At this point, questions and impossibilities go on endlessly.
It is a known fact that grows of the body in uterus is dependent on the law of growing. Since body has order and system relatively, creation of it requires endless knowledge, power and will. The plan and the program of the body, which is bestowed with fine wisdom and is created with order and importance, cannot belong to a weak and ignorant soul.
When this sophistry is accepted, how will these questions be answered? Suppose that a soul finds seeds of the animal he likes. Does he himself find out whether it is male or female or make it learn in lab? Does he himself make them male or female or he sometimes enters into bodies of male and sometimes into females, thus, he lives as a male for some time and female for some? On the other hand, if he is male, he always enters into a male body, if female does he leaves as a female all the time. When he was born, why cant he remember his past, his bodies in which he had lived as a male or female? When billions of people cannot remember such kinds of things and how can a few children and some psycho-maniac remember them.
When more-than-one souls wish for the same uterus, are the disagreements sorted out by draw-lots, by fights or by persuasion? And why can a soul need a body of animal?
As it is understood from what we have told so far, the notion of reincarnation is false, baseless, and invalid and a sophistry in respect of wisdom, truth, reason and in respect of mind and conscience. Again, from the explanations above, we see that the notion of reincarnation is opposed to laws in the universe, all languages of wisdom and truth speak clearly that it is a false belief. On the other hand, the notion of reincarnation is a teasing against wisdom and justice, mercy and munificence of God the most high.
Let us think over it; what can be falser than this notion. Such a notion is a real ignorance, prejudice, and fanaticism.
Reincarnation is Also Opposed to Soul-body Relationship:
Let us ask a question to the supporters of reincarnation: Each home is constructed according to importance of the person living in it. Palace is built for sultan, cage for canary. This home-resident relation exists between souls and bodies in advanced level. God created the body of sheep suitable for its lovely and created the body of lion suitable for its wild soul. Examples of this are equal to the number of species even equal to the total number of living beings. God clothed the soul of human, whom he created as a candidate for everlasting bliss and who is bestowed with mind, memory, dream, and many other faculties, with the body, which is most suitable sublime duties like worshipping, contemplation, and gratitude. It is known that features of a disposition cannot leave that disposition. According to the fact that when a soul of human migrates to a body of an animal, he will want to think and contemplate and wish to tell what he knows and exhibit his abilities. Since the body he lives in will fodder suitable in no aspect, he will not be able to continue his life. A soul who is bored and depressed sometimes even in human body will, of course, not be able to live in animal body.
Those who are obsessed with the notion reincarnation put this important guest, who leaves earth when he does this duty , into cages and make him be afraid of human being, sometimes put him into a lion and make him chase after gazelles, and sometimes put him into frogs and make him live in water. They put sometimes sand sometimes fodder, grass, and straw before that important guest. They reject the wisdom and are opposed to truth. They put that important guest, who eats chicken in life, into a body of a chicken and make him eaten sometimes by people sometimes by foxes. They put the cockroachs soul into the body of tiger, who is afraid of everybody and every voice and who is satisfied with what he finds to eat and make him active and hero and make him be fond of gazelle flesh.
And again, supporters of the notion put a soul into several bodies in a day, for example, into the body of a goat in the morning, into the body of an ox in the late afternoon and into the body of a cow in the evening, finally they send him to bed as a monkey.
According to the supporters of this notion, the tiger attacking to a gazelle today was maybe a gazelle itself, or the supporter of this sophistry was maybe a snake yesterday. Maybe poisonous ideas of the supporters were left from the period of being snake.
As a conclusion, perfect harmony and order between bodies and souls show that God never puts souls of human beings, who he created as a centre for the universe and made him civilized innately, gave him mind and knowledge and assign him vicegerent for earth and commander over other creatures, into bodies of animals and never let him travel between plants and mines and never humiliates him.

Atoms, which are deprived of knowledge, cannot gain the quality of Knowing no matter how perfectly they have come together. Brain is also composed of these atoms, which are unconscious, and without knowledge. It conveys and records the knowledge but does it unconsciously. It is just a tool like a floppy disk that performs the orders of a being called spirit.


The reality of Will is a marvel. To choose, to decide, to distinguish, to wish, to refuse, are not the things that an accumulation of flesh would perform. It cannot wish but carries out what spirit commands.

A brain, which is composed of billions of cells, is so marvelous a computer as to boggle mind. But like every computer, it also needs programming by someone. Brain resembles a central established to perform package programming that spirit produces, and convey it to various parts of body. It does not have the will to run after new ways, other possibilities, and different works.

The expression ‘the purification of the soul’ should be understood as the removal of the desires of the soul or, that is the purification of the soul.

In the following verse, “Truly he succeeds that purifies it.” (ash-Shams, 9), the purification of the soul that is encouraged is present. Our scholars explain it as the removal of the bad deeds from the soul, that is, the removal of shirk (polytheism) through belief and the removal of sins through taqwa, and increasing this purification through good deeds.

That is, a person keeps his record clean by doing good things and avoiding bad deeds. In this purification, it is possible to develop spiritually by doing good deeds, purifying the heart and the soul.

The most effective way of protecting the soul from bad deeds and keeping it away from sins is to fulfill the five pillars of Islam. Performing prayers keeps man away from sins. The soul is educated through fasting.

All kinds of words and deeds in the life of man whether in terms of worshipping or ethical virtues become effective in the purification of the soul.

The spirit is a guest of the land of body. The human being leads a kind of plant life till it is four months old in his mothers womb. He came from the penis of his father who is from any race and he found his station inside the womb of his mother coming from any race.

He continues his growth inside that dark place with the grace of his Creator that creates the sperm in his father and makes his mothers womb as a place to grow up.

The concept race is valid only for this world. The baby there has no race. The spirit has not got any race. And in its perfect sense, man is composed of spirit. The body is like his home.

As it is known, man has plant, animal, and human life. His growth is similar to plants and his need of nutrition and salacity are signs of animal life. His ability of thinking worshipping, believing, god-fearing behaviors, his good deeds, virtues exposes his human side. Nutrition, development, and maturation of soul and heart become real in this side. Man who spends his lifetime in this side has actually reached the life level of soul and heart.
And there is an event in which the soul prevails over the body. This is a high honor that great people can get. Actions of people having this level happen at the speed of souls with the expression of Said Nursi. This is reaching the highest life level of heart and soul.
Answer of the second part of the question:
If a person wants to get a divine name, he must strive as possible as he can in this part, train his self, and mature his soul. For example if he wants revelation of the name the All-knowing, he must study for religious knowledge. If he wants revelation of The Generous in advanced level, he must give people generously. If he wants revelation of The Ever Forgiving, he must take forgiving other people as a principle.

1-Calling spirits comes from foreign countries. Its origin is not religion but philosophy.

2-The guest of the spirit calling session that introduce itself as a dead person’s spirit is not that person’s spirit , it is either one of the evil spirits or a jinn that helps devil.

3-The unknown guest of the session can damage the faith of the people that are there and the well-hearted people who hear the untrue declaration from them. For example, it can introduce itself as Mawlana’s spirit. In order to ensure trust on its words, it can read one or two couplets from Mawlana. However, after that it can try to present and indoctrinate the things away from Islam as if they are the words of Mawlana.

This issue is very important at this point: In a faithful dream, evil spirits and the devil cannot take the form of the Prophet. However, during the spirit calling session, perhaps it may give itself the name of the Prophet and then it may talk against Sharia laws (Islamic law) and illustrious practices. If its speech is opposed to Sharia laws and illustrious practices, it is the evidence that the speaker is not a good spirit. It is not a believer or a Muslim jinn. It is an evil spirit and imitates good spirits that way.

Badiuzzaman, who attracts attention to the danger of calling a dead person’s spirit like that, explains how one must get in touch with the spirits as follows:

“With the verses “As also the evil ones, (including) every kind of builder and diver. As also the others bound together in fetters” (4) “And of evil ones, were some who dived for him, and did other work besides; and it was we who guarded them”(5), Allah informs us that the jinn, the most important intelligent inhabitants of the earth after man, may serve him. Contact may be made with them. Devils too may be compelled to give up their enmity and they may serve him willy-nilly. Thus, Almighty God subjected them to one of His servants who was obedient to His commands. Through the allusive tongue of the verses, in meaning Almighty God says: “O man! I made jinn, devils, and their evil obey one of My servants who obeyed Me. If you too are subjugated to my commands, numerous beings, and even jinn and devils, may be subjugated to you.”

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CALLING SPIRITS (NECROMANCY)

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Can you give some information about reincarnation? How can we prove that it is a wrong belief?

Is reincarnation mentioned in the Quran?

Our body needs food; similarly, our spirit needs food. The most important food of spirit is a sound belief and after that worship.

Worship enablesour belief to strengthen and our ethics to maturate. The fruit of the tree of belief that feeds on worship is high ethics. The light of belief glitters in the heart of a person who continues worshipping and the feeling of responsibility settles. Thanks to worshipping, we get rid of bad thoughts and the stains of sins. Besides, a Muslim gains the love of other people by fulfilling his financial worship.

We need to eat and drink as we live; similarly, we need to worship and receive spiritual food as we live. Allah states the following in the Quran:

"And serve thy Lord until there come unto thee the Hour that is Certain." (al-Hijr, 15/99)

Thanks to worship, a believer gets rid of the material bonds of the world and ascends spiritually; the barriers in front of him disappear and the illuminated way of the land of endless bliss opens to him. Worship, which is the indication of our belief and the food of our spirit, strengthens our belief; it makes us a mature believer with ethics and virtues by clearing us from bad thoughts and the stains of sins. Thus, it becomes a means of attaining peace in the world, getting rid of torture in the hereafter and reaching the endless and happy life in Paradise for us.   

Human life becomes meaningful based on fulfilling the duty of servitude toward Allah. The kinds of worship that Allah wants us to perform aim to prevent our human aspect from rusting and to keep it shining.

Man is made up of both a body and a spirit; therefore, harmonious progress and balanced development necessitate showing equal care and attention to both aspects.

Hz. Abu Hurayra narrates:"The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said,

"Spirits are like congregations that came together. Those who knew each other beforehand will get on well and those who do not know each other will leave."[Bukhari, Anbiya 2; Muslim, Birr 159, (2638); Abu Dawud, Adab 19, (4834).]

Man's spirit exists before he is born. What is mentioned in the hadith is the spiritual life. Spirits see one another and meet in the realm of spirits; some of them get on well with one another and others do not. Therefore, the spirits that like one another in the realm of spirits continue this relation in the bodies that they enter and vice versa.   

This hadith states that human spirits are congregations gathered in groups. The word "mujannada" mentioned in the hadith may mean "reciprocal" or "mixed". As a matter of fact, some spirits form the way of Allah and others the way of Satan.

The word "taaruf" mentioned in the hadith means to know one another. Thus, the spirits that have known one another before entering bodies come together after entering bodies; the good ones com together and the bad ones come together. The spirits that have not met before will not get on well in the world if they come together after they enter bodies.

Nawawi understands this hadith as "congregations that gathered together" or "different groups". He explains knowing one another as"due to a common property Allah placed in their nature when He created them."

Some scholars say, "The spirits meet and get on well because their attributes and ethics were created in a harmonious way."

Some scholars say, "Spirits were created together; the spirits whose natures were not harmonious hated from one another and moved away from one another."

Ibnu'l-Jawzi says, "The following is understood from this hadith: "If a person hates another person who is virtuous and righteous, he needs to search its cause till he eliminates this feeling and gets rid of this property. The same thing can be said for the opposite situation."

Qurtubi says, "Spirits are the same since they are spirits but they differ from one another because of several reasons and they are various."

ANSWER 1:

As it is known, living things are divided into three categories. Plants, animals and humans. Thus, there are three levels of life here. The first one is the life of plants, the second is animals and the highest level is humans. 

In plants, instead of a spirit, there are some kinds of laws. They are laws of growth, development, differentiation, etc. The law which causes semi-living things such as plants - to develop - can be called biological spirit. They are laws of growth, development, differentiation, etc.

Actually, these laws exist in animals and humans, too. The levels of spirit in animals, that is, some feelings and perceptions they have, are at a far below level compared to humans.

Animals have a peculiar spirit, unconscious but favored with inspiration, specific to them.

On the other hand, humans have a spirit which is conscious, created by a direct order of Allah and given an external body.

ANSWER 2:

It is appropriate to divide the realms of the living things, which form the subject matter of biology, into three as plants, animals and humans.

Fungi are included in the realm of plants.

If bacteria and living things with lower structures cannot be included in the realm of plants and animals, they will be regarded between these two realms.

Humans may be included in the realm of animals in terms of cell structure but they are completely different from animals in terms of spirit, consciousness and feelings. Man is the most honorable creature in terms of imagination, memory, curiosity, anxiety, reasoning, vision and meditation he has.

Jinn, angels and spirituality, who have spirits and consciousness, who are not related to the subject matter of biology, and in whose existence we believe, are included in the living things as owners of spirits.

Almost everybody agrees that man has two basic components: Soul and self. First, we need to distinguish between soul and self and point out how they appear and then answer the question.

Science cannot carry out experiments about soul and self. On the other hand, it can get some results indirectly, through examining the effects that these two leave on man. What psychology and parapsychology do today is this anyway. For instance, drawing conclusions about dreams on body examinations, which take place while sleeping, can be considered among this type of indirect examinations.

Human soul constantly longs for his homeland, the hereafter and yearn for it. Yet for a certain time, he cannot do it since he is confined to his bodily-cage. On the other hand, the self continuously seeks comfort and welfare and instills them into man’s will. As a result, man is under the influence of these two elements. Whichever appears dominant, s/he is forced to that way.

As for music, if some music addresses man’s lofty feelings, brings about decrease in his worldly lusts, and an increase in seeking the hereafter further, we can say that this kind of music is beneficial. However, if some music addresses man’s carnal desires and keeps him/her away from his/her lofty feelings, it is clear that this kind of music is not any nourishment of his/her soul, but poison.

According to what scholars state, the word “Saiqa” mentioned in the verse generally means to die. (see Nawawi, Sharhu Muslim, 15/130-131; Ibn Hajar, Fathu’l-Bari, 6/443-446)

However, according to what some scholars like Ibn Athir state, this word is widely used in the sense of dying but it is actually used for a person who dies or faints due to a horrible sound that is heard. (see Ayni, Umdatul-Qari, 12/251)

Since dying is for people who are alive, it is something not understandable that the first hadith states that Hz. Musa dies as a result of the first blowing of the Trumpet. For, we have no knowledge stating that Hz. Musa is alive like Hz. Isa (Jesus).

Some scholars like Qadi Iyad settle this issue as follows:

The word “SAIQA”does not mean death here; it means “fainting”.

That Hz. Musa’s returning to normal state after “SA’Q” is expressed with the word “AFAKA” strengthens this meaning. For, the word “BUITHA” is used for reviving after death and “AFAKA” for recovering consciousness after fainting. That the word “AFAKA” was used when Hz Musarecovered consciousness after fainting at Tur strengthens this meaning.

Accordingly, the word “SA’Q” here expresses the fainting originating from fear after reviving, not death. (see Nawawi, ibid; Ibn Hajar, ibid; Ayni, ibid)

- It is understood from these explanations that this fainting occurs after people revive and come out of their graves “because they fear by thinking that they will be reckoned then”.

After reviving means after spirits uniting with bodies.

It means the fainting of people who consist of spirits and bodies is in question here, not the fainting of the spirit only.

- In addition, there is another interpretation regarding the issue:

The prophets including Hz. Musa have a different life from that of other people in the realm of barzakh. Prophets are superior to martyrs, who are stated to be alive by the verse. Then, their life is stronger.

Accordingly, it can be said the concept “SA’Q” is used in the sense of fainting for all prophets and dying for the people who have not died yet. (see ibid)

Man was created differently from animals. For instance, everything that an animal needs is placed in its spirit before it is born. However, human spirit learns the things that are related to the world in this world.

For instance, man has the ability to drive a car but he cannot drive at the first moment. He has to undergo certain training for it. Similarly, the spirit has to undergo some training in the world to be able to use its properties.

Therefore, Allah does not held man responsible when he is born. He gives man a term of fifteen years.

The spirits of humans and jinn are taken either by Azrael himself or by his assistants.

Prophets are visited by Azrael himself, and he sometimes informs them of his visit. For example, it occurred with the Prophet Adam, Prophet Moses, and even, as stated in a sound hadith, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon them), where Azrael sought permission to take his spirit. (al-Haythami, Majmauz-Zawaid, 9/35; Ibn Sa'd, at-Tabaqat al-Kubra, 2/259)

In cases where Azrael does not come personally, the spirit is taken by one of his assistants or directly under his supervision, depending on the deceased's status.

Regarding the removal of animal spirits, scholars have different opinions.

According to some scholars, Azrael takes all spirits, whether human or animal.

According to some others, Allah directly takes the spirits of animals.

The scholars who hold the latter opinion base it on a hadith narration. It is as follows: in summary: "The lifespan of animals is based on their glorification of Allah. Once their glorification ends, their lifespan ends, and Allah directly takes their spirits. Azrael has no duty of taking their souls." (See al-Uqayli, ed-Duafaul-Kubra, 4/321; Daylami, 1/418)

- Ibn Hajar al-Haytami is of the opinion that Azrael takes the spirits of animals. He cites the following two hadiths as evidence:

1) Azrael said to the Prophet Muhammad:

"O Muhammad! By Allah, if I wanted to take the spirit of a mosquito, I would not have the power to do so unless Allah commanded." (Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, al-Fatawal-Hadithiyya, 1/3; al-Fawakihu-Dawwani, 1/100)

- Qurtubi also includes a hadith suggesting that Allah directly takes the spirits of all animals, but he states that there are conflicting hadiths and mentions the ones cited above. (See Qurtubi, Tafsir of as-Sajda, 11)

2) According to a narration from Ibn Abbas, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said: "I said to Azrael, 'How can you take the spirits of all those living on land and sea?'" (see Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, ibid) (The evidence here is that only animals live in the seas. Also, the phrase "those on land and sea" is general and includes all beings with spirits).

- Imam Malik responded to the question, "Does Azrael take the spirit of the mosquito too?" by asking, "Do they have spirits too?" When they said "yes", Imam Malik said: "Azrael takes their spirits too" and cited the following verse as evidence: "It is Allah that takes the souls (of men) at death" (az-Zumar, 39:42). (see Qurtubi, ibid)

It is understood from the explanations above that there is more information showing Azrael takes the spirits of animals than the opposite view.

However, if the information indicating that Allah directly takes the souls of animals is sound, the wisdom behind it could be as follows:

Sending an angel to take their spirits could be considered an honor for humans because Azrael is a special official of Allah. That he comes to man to take his spirit at the time of death indicates that man is an honorable being. All humans are honored creatures of Allah though some of them are unbelievers. They were created in the best form.

It should not be difficult to see the difference between sending a messenger to take their spirits and directly taking them without sending a messenger.

The real nature of the spirit cannot be known fully. The spirit does not have the quality of getting old like the body. However, human spirit improves with belief and worshipping. Unbelief and sins worsen human spirit; that is, they lower it. Thus, the spirit can both be improved and worsened.

This issue is explained in the chapter of at-Tin:

"We have indeed created man in the best of molds, Then do We abase him (to be) the lowest of the low,- Except such as believe and do righteous deeds: For they shall have a reward unfailing."

The separation of the spirit from the body is called death. Therefore, the spirit is in the body when you are asleep, having an operation and unconscious.

The state caused by anesthesia can be perceived as a deep sleep. We sleep when some part of the anterior cortex layer of the brain is deactivated; similarly, when this layer of the brain is deactivated more deeply by anesthesia, narcotic drowsiness occurs.

It is not possible for the spirit to leave the body when one is asleep; nor can it leave the body during anesthesia. The spirit continues to remain in the body. For, the spirit has external body, is an independent being, has consciousness and is a law of the realm of order; it is difficult to say something clear regarding the issue since we do not know the real nature of the spirit.

Those who claim to be necromancers deceive some ignorant and gullible people in various ways. The most common of them is as follows:

The medium, that is, the necromancer, sets a few cups on a table and lays out some letters. He utters the name of the so-called spirit he will summon. After a while, the cup starts to move, and the sounds of “Knock, knock!...” come from the table. Meanwhile, the letters move left and right. He tries to determine the answers of the so-called spirit to the questions from the movement of the letters.

Is there really a relationship between the phenomenon of spirit summoning and spirits? Are the spirits of dead people really the spirits that mediums claim to summon and talk to? If they are not the spirits of dead people, who are those who make the sound by knocking on the table?

First of all, we should state that nothing in the universe is purposeless, ownerless and unattended. Nothing is left on its own or to chance. Every living and non-living being in the universe is a prisoner of a system, under supervision and control. Nothing is exempt from the comprehensive and all-encompassing laws imposed by Allah Almighty.

Moreover, the fact that Allah Almighty has created the human spirit as the most honorable and the most exalted of all creatures, adorned it with high virtues, turned the universe toward it, and chosen it as His addressee and friend clearly shows that He does not leave its management and control to others. He does not leave it to some miserable impostors.

Even the control over one’s own body is not in one’s power. For example, a person does not even know how the food he eats is distributed after it passes down his throat and how much is distributed to each part of his body. It is indescribable how ridiculous it is for a human being, who is unaware of all of these things in his own inner world, to claim to have control over spirits.

All that is in the sky and on the earth is under the control of Allah. Therefore, the spirits are not left to their own will. If they could act as they wished with their own will, perhaps some of them would not even want to come to the world; and even if they did, they would not want to go.

The following is stated in verse 85 of the chapter of al-Isra: “The spirit (cometh) by command of my Lord.” The verse clearly states that the human spirit comes from the command of Allah. What force can affect a spirit that comes from the Divine Command and have control over it?

Again, it is declared in many verses that the human spirit is not left unattended after death and that its reckoning begins with death. For example, the following is stated in verse 46 of the chapter of al-Mumin:

“In front of the Fire will they be brought, morning and evening: And (the sentence will be) on the Day that Judgment will be established.”

It is clearly stated in the verse above that the unbelievers will be tormented until the Day of Judgment. The following is stated about the believers in verse 32 of the chapter of an-Nahl:

“(Namely) those whose lives the angels take in a state of purity, saying (to them), ‘Peace be on you; enter ye the Garden, because of (the good) which ye did (in the world)’.”

There are many hadiths of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) about the situations after death and the torment in the grave. He states the following in one of them:

“The grave is either a garden from the gardens of Paradise or a pit from the pits of Hell (according to everyone’s deeds).”

So, the spirit, like every creature in the world, is not unattended. After the death of man, his/her spirit is subjected to a constant inspection and reckoning in the realm of the grave, which is called the realm of the afterlife, and is subjected to punishment or reward.

We should also state that just as the realm is not exclusive to matter, the spirit is not exclusive to human beings. The spiritual realms are infinite; the creatures living in those realms are also infinite. As a matter of fact, only Allah knows the number of angels, jinn, devils, in short, spiritual beings.

Now, let us briefly analyze whether these spiritual beings have anything to do with the claim of “spirit summoning (necromancy)”:

The largest group of spiritual beings is angels. Angels have been created from “light”. Angels are in absolute obedience to Allah, they are engaged in duties such as dhikr, glorification, worship and knowledge; and they do not rebel in any way. Therefore, those who bring news to mediums cannot be angels.

As for human spirits, they are divided into four:

1. The spirits of prophets and saints.

2. The spirits of martyrs.

It is clear that those two groups of spirits will not come to mediums.

3. The spirits of sinful believers:

Those spirits who believe in Allah and the Hereafter but who do not do righteous deeds, who fall into debauchery, and indulge in sins, are subject to torment in their graves. It is unthinkable for them to visit mediums because they are busy with their own reckoning.

4. The spirits of unbelievers:

Those spirits are also subject to a permanent and severe torment in the grave. Who would leave these spirits, who are subject to divine torment, to go and tap the tables?

- So, who are those who come and tap the tables as a result of the mediums’ contact?

In order to answer this question adequately, it would be useful to dwell a little on the wisdom behind the creation of human beings. The following is stated in verse 3 of the chapter of al-Insan:

“Verily We created Man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: So We gave him (the gifts), of Hearing and Sight.”

As it is clearly understood from the meaning of the verse, man has been sent to this world for a test. The world has been opened before him as a place of competition. The separation of spirits like diamonds from spirits like coal necessitates this competition. The separation of the good from the bad in this competition necessitates the creation of devils, who will mess with human beings so that the good and the bad will be distinguished.

Indeed, it is stated in verses 11-18 of the chapter of al-A’raf in the Quran that the devils are creatures devoid of good and created for evil, and that they will mess with human beings and seduce them:

“It is We Who created you and gave you shape; then We bade the angels bow down to Adam, and they bowed down; not so Iblis; He refused to be of those who bow down. (Allah) said: ‘What prevented thee from bowing down when I commanded thee?’ He said: ‘I am better than he: Thou didst create me from fire, and him from clay.’ (Allah) said: ‘Get thee down from this: it is not for thee to be arrogant here: get out, for thou art of the meanest (of creatures).’ He said: ‘Give me respite till the day they are raised up.’ (Allah) said: ‘Be thou among those who have respite.’ He said: ‘Because thou hast thrown me out of the way, lo! I will lie in wait for them on thy straight way: Then will I assault them from before them and behind them, from their right and their left: Nor wilt thou find, in most of them, gratitude (for thy mercies).’ (Allah) said: ‘Get out from this, disgraced and expelled. If any of them follow thee,- Hell will I fill with you all.’”

Two points in the verse are closely related to our issue. The first is that the devils are allowed to mess with human beings until the Day of Judgment, and the second is that the devils can approach people from their front, back, right and left sides. Therefore, the devils always manipulate people’s low and animal desires, and deceive them, leading them astray from the right path. One of the ways they seduce people is by using mediums as mascots and corrupting people by giving them false news.

The following is stated in the Quran:

“Shall I inform you, (O people!), on whom it is that the evil ones descend? They descend on every lying, wicked person, (into whose ears) they pour hearsay vanities, and most of them are liars.” (ash-Shuara, 26/221-223)

Yes, those who come when they are called and make noise by tapping the tables of the mediums are the transgressing ones of the devils and jinn.

Badiuzzaman Said Nursi states the following regarding the issue:

“This phenomenon proceeds from philosophy and from Europe, and can be extremely harmful to the believers. It is open to exploitation of many sorts, and if it contains one truth, this is mixed with ten falsehoods. For since there is no touchstone, no criterion, to differentiate between truth and falsehood, the jinn which assist evil spirits and Satan may possibly cause harm both to the hearts of those who busy themselves with it, and to Islam. For there are disclosures which they call spiritual matters but which are contrary to the truths of Islam and general beliefs. Evil spirits present themselves as good spirits or even as great saints and may attempt to cause harm to the basic principles of Islam by saying things opposed to them. They may twist the truth and deceive ingenuous people completely.” (Nursi, Emirdağ Lahikası)

We will quote the following verses of the poem of Mawlana regarding the issue:

“If a jinni dominates man and pesters him, the humanity in man is lost.”

“Whatever he says, the jinni actually says it. Whether from this or that part, the word actually belongs to the jinni.”

“At such a time, man’s own self is gone and the jinni has completely dominated him.”

Abu Hurayra (ra) narrates the following about the jinn’s possession of humans:

“Once, the Prophet (pbuh) said:

‘A strong demon from the jinn came to me last night suddenly so as to spoil my prayer, but Allah enabled me to overpower him. I caught him and intended to tie him to one of the pillars of the mosque so that all of you might see him, but I remembered the invocation of Sulayman (Solomon), son of Dawud (David): ‘O my Lord! Forgive me, and grant me a kingdom which, (it may be), suits not another after me.’ So, I repelled the demon like a dog.’”

Babanzade Ahmed Naim states that it is only Allah who knows the numbers of the types of creatures and that the creatures with life do not consist of only humans and animals. He also states that there are other creatures such as angels and jinn in addition to those two groups, citing the Prophet’s declaration as well as the testimonies of pure people as evidence, and includes the following information:

“Jinn live on earth like humans. There are unbelievers and believers among them. They can take different forms and disguises. The existence of angels and jinn is definite based on the declaration of the Quran and the report of our Prophet.”

Ahmed Naim states that the medium’s making chairs move in the air and cups tap on the table without their hands touching them are actually caused by jinn and devils.

- We should first say that the words and the concepts used in the Quran can have different meanings in different contexts. It might not generally be true to evaluate those words only based on their lexical meanings without taking the context into consideration.

- The statement “He rules (all) affairs” in the chapter of as-sajda was understood differently by scholars (as affair, revelation):

a) According to Mujahid, the meaning of that statement is “to manage affairs”.

b) According to Suddi, it means “to send down revelation”. (see Mawardi, the relevant place)

The management of affairs or the sending down of the revelation belongs to Allah but it is known that angels are used for them. For instance, Jibril is the angel of revelation. 

- The management of the affairs: Hz. Jibril manages winds and spiritual armies; Hz. Mikail manages waters and rains; Hz. Azrail manages the affair of taking spirits away. Hz. Israfil is in charge of informing them about the orders he takes from Allah to them. (Mawardi, Qurtubi, the interpretation of the verse in question)

- There are three views about what ascending in the statement of the verse “ascend unto him in a Day” means:

a) Jibril ascends unto him in a day after sending down revelation.

b) The angel that manages the affairs after coming down to the earth ascends unto Him in a day.

c) The news of the inhabitants of the earth and the muwakkal angels that carry the news ascend unto him in a Day. (see Qurtubi, Mawardi, ibid)

- According to Qurtubi, angels are not mentioned clearly in the verse but it is understood from the context. However, angels are mentioned clearly in the verse below:

“The angels and the spirit ascend unto him in a Day the measure whereof is (as) fifty thousand years.” (al-Maarij, 70/4)

What is meant by “ascend unto him in a Day” in the verse is ascend to heavens / sidratul-muntaha. (Qurtubi, ibid)

- According to Fakhruddin Razi, Allah’s amr (revelation) comes down from up unto to His slaves. The righteous deeds of the slaves that are in compliance with amrs go up from down. (Razi, the interpretation of the verse in question) This explanation is in accordance with the expression of the following verse:

“To Him mount up (all) Words of Purity: It is He Who exalts each Deed of Righteousness (or each Deed of Righteousness makes Words of Purity go up)” (Fatir, 35/10)

- Qadi Baydawi explains the issue as follows: “Allah manages the affairs on earth through means like the angels He sends down from heavens. This management of affairs goes up to Allah in one day again and becomes manifest in His knowledge.” (Baydawi, ibid)

- According to Ibn Ashur, what is meant by the statement “ascend unto him in a Day” is to emphasize that everything takes place based on the creation of Allah. Those deeds of management from the heavens to the earth depend on a cause in appearance but those causes are only veils; the one that creates and manages them is Allah. (cf. Ibn Ashur, the interpretation of the verse in question)

- The information about Hz. Isa’s being ascended to the sky is a fact that is accepted by the great majority of the Islamic scholars. This information is supported by both verses and sound hadiths.

Some of the beings in the material world are good and some are evil; it is quite reasonable that there are good and evil beings in the spiritual world too, and that they exist as elements that maintain the balance in this realm of good and evil.

- There are unbelievers and evil people as well as believers and good ones among humans; similarly, there are both good and evil beings among jinn. There are both believing and unbelieving jinn.

- It is even clearly stated in a verse that the tribe of Satan is from the tribe of unbelieving jinn.

- Among beings, there are those who are tested and those who are not. All angels are all innocent spirits, as they are innocent and have no ability to rebel. Jinn and humans are subjected to testing because they have the ability to both obey and rebel.

Likewise, as a requirement of the test, there are spiritual angels who inspire goodness and evil spiritual jinn/devils who inculcate evil.

- So, arwah tayyiba means clean (good) spirits and arwah khabitha means unclean (evil) spirits. Angels are examples of the former and devils are examples of the latter. Since human beings also have a spiritual aspect, some of them are clean and some are unclean. However, it is a consequence of their own actions; they are not given the attribute of evil from the beginning.

Those spirits are as different from each other as night and day. Just as there are some insects that enjoy filth, there are also nightingales that enjoy the rose and sing sweet songs about it. Something similar is in question related to spirits.

Every spirit goes to the assembly that suits it. One makes friends with those who fit his character.

- Since we are commanded to seek refuge in Allah from the evil of the bad suggesters of men and jinn in the last chapter of the Quran, the chapter of an-Nas, it is an important issue.

The word nafs (soul) mentioned in the verse “When the souls are sorted out, (being joined, like with like)...” is generally accepted as soul/spirit in general. The spouses of the souls are their special bodies. The soul and the body, which are together in the world, are separated by death. The soul that lives alone in the realm of barzakh will reunite with the body, which is its spouse, on the Day of Judgment.

“O (thou) soul, in (complete) rest and satisfaction! Come back thou to thy Lord,- well pleased (thyself), and well-pleasing unto Him” (al-Fajr, 89/27-28)

As a matter of fact, the word nafs is used in the sense of soul in the verse above.

As a secondary meaning, the word nafs is interpreted as class, type and variety. Accordingly, the meaning of the verse is as follows: “When people are sorted out as believers, unbelievers, righteous, sinners...”. This explanation is compatible with the meaning of the following verses:

“And ye shall be sorted out into three classes. Then (there will be) the Companions of the Right Hand… And the Companions of the Left Hand… And those Foremost (in Faith)...” (al-Waqia, 56/7-10) (see Abu Saud, Ibn Ashur, the interpretation of the verse in question).

We can summarize the explanations made regarding the phrase “when the souls are sorted out, (being joined, like with like)” in the verse as follows:

a. The souls will reunite with the bodies and resurrect; then, they will go to the Gathering Place.

b. Every soul owner will come together with their peers. Prophets will be together with prophets, saints with saints, martyrs with martyrs in the Gathering Place - in Paradise. The unbelievers will be together with the unbelievers, the hypocrites with the hypocrites, the Jews with the Jews, and the Christians with the Christians in the Gathering Place -in Hell.

c. People will be divided into three groups on the Day of Judgment; each person will be in the group that is suitable for their position. (For these and other views, see Tabari, Razi, Ibn Kathir, Alusi, the interpretation of the verse in question).

We are of the opinion that there is no expression that evokes “twin spirit” in the Quran and hadiths. Therefore, such an inference has never been made by Islamic scholars.

Talking freely about an unknown thing such as spirit, which cannot be tested with scientific methods, means going beyond the limits.

Those who ask questions about the nature of the spirit are given the following answer in the Quran: “Say: The Spirit (cometh) by command of my Lord” and then, the point that “humans have very little knowledge” is particularly emphasized. (see al-Isra, 17/85)

- Energy is defined as “the power that exists in matter and manifests itself in the form of heat and light”.

However, as the verse above indicates, the spirit is a being that does not have a nature that can build and that comes from the realm of command. Those who call it energy think that the spirit is a force that arises based on matter, and do not accept its independent existence.

- It would be beneficial to learn about the issue from Badiuzzaman Said Nursi, who is an expert about it:

“... For according to the Quran’s glorious decree of قُلِ الرُوحُ مِنْ اَمْرِ رَبِّى spirit too is a conscious and living law which has come from the World of the Divine Command, and which Pre-Eternal power has clothed with external existence. That is to say, just as the unconscious laws which proceed from the Divine attribute of will and the World of the Divine Command are always, or mostly, enduring, so is it even more definite that the spirit, which is a sort of brother to them, and like them is a manifestation of the attribute of will and comes from the World of the Command, manifests immortality. It is also more worthy of it, because it is existent, it has an external reality. And it is more potent, more elevated, because it possesses consciousness. It is also more enduring than them, and more valuable, because it is living.” (see Sözler, Yirmi Dokuzuncu Söz, p. 518)

“Spirit is a law possessing external existence, a conscious law. Like the stable and enduring laws of creation, spirit comes from the World of the Divine Command and the attribute of will. Divine power clothes it an existence decked out with senses. He makes a subtle, flowing being the shell to that jewel. Existent spirit is the brother of the conceivable law. They are both enduring and come from the World of the Divine Command. If pre-eternal power had clothed the laws governing in the species of beings in external existence, they would have been spirits. And if the spirit banishes consciousness, it still would be an undying law.” (see Mektubat, Hakikat Çekirdekleri, p. 470).

It is clearly understood from the statements of Nursi that “Spirit is not energy.”